The present study aimed to (i) assess the appetitive drives evoked by the visual cues of ultra-processed food and drink products and (ii) investigate whether text warnings reduce appetitive drives ...and consumers' reported intentions to eat or drink ultra-processed products.
In Study I, a well-established psychometric tool was applied to estimate the appetitive drives associated with ultra-processed products using sixty-four image representations. Sixteen product types with four exemplars of a given product were included. Pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) served as controls. The two exemplars of each product type rated as more appetitive were selected for investigation in the second study. Study II assessed the impact of textual warnings on the appetitive drive towards these thirty-two exemplars. Each participant was exposed to two picture exemplars of the same product type preceded by a text warning or a control text. After viewing each displayed picture, the participants reported their emotional reactions and their intention to consume the product.
Controlled classroom experiments SUBJECTS: Undergraduate students (Study I: n 215, 135 women; Study II: n 98, 52 women).
In Study I, the pictures of ultra-processed products prompted an appetitive motivation associated with the products' nutritional content. In Study II, text warnings were effective in reducing the intention to consume and the appetitive drive evoked by ultra-processed products.
This research provides initial evidence favouring the use of text warnings as a public policy tool to curb the powerful influence of highly appetitive ultra-processed food cues.
We used Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph spectroscopic data on 426 galaxies including quasars, Seyferts, LINERs, and H II galaxies to investigate the relationship among the mid-IR emission lines. There ...is a tight linear correlation between the Ne V14.3 Delta *mm and 24.3 Delta *mm (97.1 eV) and the O IV25.9 Delta *mm (54.9 eV) high-ionization emission lines. The correlation also holds for these high-ionization emission lines and the Ne III15.56 Delta *mm (41 eV) emission line, although only for active galaxies. We used these correlations to calculate the Ne III excess due to star formation in Seyfert galaxies. We also estimated the O IV luminosity due to star formation in active galaxies and determined that it dominates the O IV emission only if the contribution of the active nucleus to the total luminosity is below 5%. We find that the active galactic nucleus dominates the O IV emission in most Seyfert galaxies, whereas star formation adequately explains the observed O IV emission in optically classified H II galaxies. Finally, we computed photoionization models to determine the physical conditions of the narrow-line region where these high-ionization lines originate. The estimated ionization parameter range is --2.8 < log U < --2.5 and the total hydrogen column density range is 20 < log n H (cm--2) < 21.
We observed the far-IR fine-structure lines of 26 Seyfert galaxies with the Herschel-PACS spectrometer. These observations are complemented with Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph and Herschel SPIRE ...spectroscopy. We used the ionic lines to determine electron densities in the ionized gas and the CI lines, observed with SPIRE, to measure the neutral gas densities, while the OI lines measure the gas temperature, at densities below ~10 super(4) cm super(-3). Using the OI 145 mu m/63 mu m and SIII33/18 mu m line ratios, we find an anti-correlation of the temperature with the gas density. Various fine-structure line ratios show density stratifications in these active galaxies. On average, electron densities increase with the ionization potential of the ions. The infrared lines arise partly in the narrow line region, photoionized by the active galactic nucleus (AGN), partly in H II regions photoionized by hot stars, and partly in photo-dissociated regions. We attempt to separate the contributions to the line emission produced in these different regions by comparing our observed emission line ratios to theoretical values. In particular, we tried to separate the contribution of AGNs and star formation by using a combination of Spitzer and Herschel lines, and we found that besides the well-known mid-IR line ratios, the line ratio of OIII88 mu m/OIV26 mu m can reliably discriminate the two emission regions, while the far-IR line ratio of CII157 mu m/OI63 mu m is only able to mildly separate the two regimes. By comparing the observed CII157 mu m/NII205 mu m ratio with photoionization models, we also found that most of the CII emission in the galaxies we examined is due to photodissociation regions.
We present a high spatial (diffraction-limited) resolution ({approx}0.''3) mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic study of the nuclei and star-forming regions of four local luminous infrared galaxies ...(LIRGs) using T-ReCS on the Gemini South telescope. We investigate the spatial variations of the features seen in the N-band spectra of LIRGs on scales of {approx}100 pc, which allow us to resolve their nuclear regions and separate the active galactic nucleus (AGN) emission from that of the star formation (SF). We compare (qualitatively and quantitatively) our Gemini T-ReCS nuclear and integrated spectra of LIRGs with those obtained with Spitzer IRS. Star-forming regions and AGNs show distinct features in the MIR spectra, and we spatially separate these, which is not possible using the Spitzer data. The 9.7 {mu}m silicate absorption feature is weaker in the nuclei of the LIRGs than in the surrounding regions. This is probably due to the either clumpy or compact environment of the central AGN or young, nuclear starburst. We find that the Ne II12.81 {mu}m luminosity surface density is tightly and directly correlated with that of Paalpha for the LIRG star-forming regions (slope of 1.00 +- 0.02). Although the 11.3 {mu}m PAH feature shows also a trend with Paalpha, this is not common for all the regions and the slope is significantly lower. We also find that the Ne II12.81 {mu}m/Paalpha ratio does not depend on the Paalpha equivalent width (EW), i.e., on the age of the ionizing stellar populations, suggesting that, on the scales probed here, the Ne II12.81 {mu}m emission line is a good tracer of the SF activity in LIRGs. On the other hand, the 11.3 {mu}m PAH/Paalpha ratio increases for smaller values of the Paalpha EW (increasing ages), indicating that the 11.3 {mu}m PAH feature can also be excited by older stars than those responsible for the Paalpha emission. Finally, more data are needed in order to address the different physical processes (age of the stellar populations, hardness and intensity of the radiation field, mass of the star-forming regions) affecting the energetics of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features in a statistical way. Additional high spatial resolution observations are essential to investigating the SF in local LIRGs at the smallest scales and determining ultimately whether they share the same physical properties as high-z LIRGs, ULIRGs, and submillimiter galaxies and therefore belong to the same galaxy population.
Local luminous infrared (IR) galaxies (LIRGs) have both high star formation rates (SFR) and a high AGN (Seyfert and AGN/starburst composite) incidence. Therefore, they are ideal candidates to explore ...the co-evolution of black hole (BH) growth and star formation (SF) activity, not necessarily associated with major mergers. Here, we use Spitzer/IRS spectroscopy of a complete volume-limited sample of local LIRGs (distances of <78 Mpc). We estimate typical BH masses of 3 x 10 super(7) M sub(middot in circle) using NeIII 15.56 mu m and optical OIII lambda5007 gas velocity dispersions and literature stellar velocity dispersions. We find that in a large fraction of local LIRGs, the current SFR is taking place not only in the inner nuclear ~1.5 kpc region, as estimated from the nuclear 11.3 mu m PAH luminosities, but also in the host galaxy. We next use the ratios between the SFRs and BH accretion rates (BHAR) to study whether the SF activity and BH growth are contemporaneous in local LIRGs. On average, local LIRGs have SFR to BHAR ratios higher than those of optically selected Seyferts of similar active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosities. However, the majority of the IR-bright galaxies in the revised-Shapley-Ames Seyfert sample behave like local LIRGs. Moreover, the AGN incidence tends to be higher in local LIRGs with the lowest SFRs. All of this suggests that in local LIRGs there is a distinct IR-bright star-forming phase taking place prior to the bulk of the current BH growth (i.e., AGN phase). The latter is reflected first as a composite and then as a Seyfert, and later as a non-LIRG optically identified Seyfert nucleus with moderate SF in its host galaxy.
ABSTRACT
Polar dust has been discovered in a number of local active galactic nuclei (AGN), with radiation-driven torus models predicting a wind to be its main driver. However, little is known about ...its characteristics, spatial extent, or connection to the larger scale outflows. We present the first JWST/MIRI study aimed at imaging polar dust by zooming on to the centre of ESO 428-G14, part of the Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS) survey of local AGN. We detect extended mid-infrared (MIR) emission within 200 pc from the nucleus. This polar structure is co-linear with a radio jet and lies perpendicular to a molecular gas lane that feeds and obscures the nucleus. Its morphology bears a striking resemblance to that of gas ionized by the AGN in the narrow-line region. We demonstrate that part of this spatial correspondence is due to contamination within the JWST filter bands from strong emission lines. Correcting for the contamination, we find the morphology of the dust continuum to be more compact, though still clearly extended out to $r\approx 100 \, \rm pc$. We estimate the emitting dust has a temperature of $\sim 120\, \rm K$. Using simple models, we find that the heating of small dust grains by the radiation from the central AGN and/or radiative jet-induced shocks is responsible for the extended MIR emission. Radiation-driven dusty winds from the torus is unlikely to be important. This has important implications for scales to which AGN winds can carry dust and dense gas out into their host galaxies.
Polar dust has been discovered in a number of local Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), with radiation-driven torus models predicting a wind to be its main driver. However, little is known about its ...characteristics, spatial extent, or connection to the larger scale outflows. We present the first JWST/MIRI study aimed at imaging polar dust by zooming onto the centre of ESO 428-G14, part of the Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS) survey of local AGN. We detect extended mid-infrared (MIR) emission within 200 pc from the nucleus. This polar structure is co-linear with a radio jet and lies perpendicular to a molecular gas lane that feeds and obscures the nucleus. Its morphology bears a striking resemblance to that of gas ionised by the AGN in the narrow-line region. We demonstrate that part of this spatial correspondence is due to contamination within the JWST filter bands from strong emission lines. Correcting for the contamination, we find the morphology of the dust continuum to be more compact, though still clearly extended out to ~ 100 pc. We estimate the emitting dust has a temperature of ~ 120 K. Using simple models, we find that the heating of small dust grains by the radiation from the central AGN and/or radiative jet-induced shocks is responsible for the extended MIR emission. Radiation-driven dusty winds from the torus is unlikely to be important. This has important implications for scales to which AGN winds can carry dust and dense gas out into their host galaxies.
We present spectroscopic observations of FIR fine-structure lines of 26 Seyfert galaxies obtained with the Herschel-PACS spectrometer. These observations are complemented by spectroscopy with ...Spitzer-IRS and Herschel-SPIRE. The ratios of the OIII, NII, SIII and NeV lines have been used to determine electron densities in the ionised gas regions. The CI lines, observed with SPIRE, have been used to measure the densities in the neutral gas, while the OI lines provide a measure of the gas temperature, at densities below 10000 cm-3. Using the OI145/63um and SIII33/18um line ratios we find an anti-correlation of the temperature with the gas density. Using various fine-structure line ratios, we find that density stratification is common in these active galaxies. On average, the electron densities increase with the ionisation potential of the ions producing the NII, SIII and NeV emission. The infrared emission lines arise partly in the Narrow Line Region (NLR) photoionised by the AGN central engine, partly in HII regions photo ionised by hot stars and partly in neutral gas in photo-dissociated regions (PDRs). We attempt to separate the contributions to the line emission produced in these different regions by comparing our emission line ratios to empirical and theoretical values. In particular, we tried to separate the contribution of AGN and star formation by using a combination of Spitzer and Herschel lines, and we found that, besides the well known mid-IR line ratios, the mixed mid-IR/far-IR line ratio of OIII88um/OIV26um can reliably discriminate the two emission regimes, while the far-IR line ratio of CII157um/OI63um is only able to mildly separate the two regimes. By comparing the observed CII157um/NII205um ratio with photoionisation models, we also found that most of the CII emission in the galaxies we examined is due to PDRs.
Local luminous infrared (IR) galaxies (LIRGs) have both high star formation rates (SFR) and a high AGN (Seyfert and AGN/starburst composite) incidence. Therefore, they are ideal candidates to explore ...the co-evolution of black hole (BH) growth and star formation (SF) activity, not necessarily associated with major mergers. Here, we use Spitzer/IRS spectroscopy of a complete volume-limited sample of local LIRGs (distances of <78Mpc). We estimate typical BH masses of 3x10^7 M_sun using NeIII15.56micron and optical OIII5007A gas velocity dispersions and literature stellar velocity dispersions. We find that in a large fraction of local LIRGs the current SFR is taking place not only in the inner nuclear ~1.5kpc region, as estimated from the nuclear 11.3micron PAH luminosities, but also in the host galaxy. We next use the ratios between the SFRs and BH accretion rates (BHAR) to study whether the SF activity and BH growth are contemporaneous in local LIRGs. On average, local LIRGs have SFR to BHAR ratios higher than those of optically selected Seyferts of similar AGN luminosities. However, the majority of the IR-bright galaxies in the RSA Seyfert sample behave like local LIRGs. Moreover, the AGN incidence tends to be higher in local LIRGs with the lowest SFRs. All this suggests that in local LIRGs there is a distinct IR-bright star forming phase taking place prior to the bulk of the current BH growth (i.e., AGN phase). The latter is reflected first as a composite and then as a Seyfert, and later as a non-LIRG optically identified Seyfert nucleus with moderate SF in its host galaxy.
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