BACKGROUND:DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI) is a novel botulinum toxin type A formulation in clinical development. A phase 2 dose-ranging study identified an optimal dose and demonstrated ...efficacy with a median duration of 24 weeks.
METHODS:In two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2), subjects with moderate or severe glabellar lines at maximum frown were assigned randomly to receive placebo or 40 U of DAXI. Glabellar lines were evaluated at least every 4 weeks for at least 24 weeks until severity returned to baseline (≤36 weeks).
RESULTS:Overall, 609 subjects were enrolled (DAXI, n = 405; placebo, n = 204). DAXI was significantly more effective than placebo in achieving the primary efficacy outcome (≥2-point improvement in glabellar line severity at maximum frown at week 4 according to both investigator and subject ratings)73.6 percent versus 0.0 percent (SAKURA 1), and 74.0 percent versus 1.0 percent (SAKURA 2) (both p < 0.0001). Composite investigator and subject ratings of maximum frown after DAXI treatment showed that glabellar line severity of none or mild was maintained for a median of 24.0 weeks (SAKURA 1) and 23.9 weeks (SAKURA 2), and glabellar line severity did not return to baseline levels for a median of 27.7 and 26.0 weeks, respectively. DAXI was generally well tolerated, with the most common adverse events related to DAXI treatment being headache (SAKURA 1, 7.0 percent; SAKURA 2, 5.9 percent) and injection-site pain (5.0 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS:Results from both studies were highly consistent. DAXI may offer a prolonged duration of response (median, ≥24 weeks) and is generally well tolerated.
CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic, I.
Sexual violence is a serious problem that affects those victimized, their families, and the community around them. Much sex offense legislation appears designed to respond to the collective fear that ...sexual violence engenders, with legislative efforts (intentionally or unintentionally) tending to target low-base-rate "stranger danger" types of offenses. This article reviews prevailing forms of sex offense legislation, providing a summary of recent case law and an examination of empirical findings that bear upon the functioning and impact of common legislative responses to these "stranger danger" fears, including sexually violent predator laws, registration and community notification statutes, residence restrictions, and electronic monitoring. Although it is difficult to conduct well-controlled studies that test whether sex offense legislation works, extant research provides, at most, limited support for the value of much current legislation. This article concludes by suggesting areas of research need and outlining how empirical data may help to shape sex offense legislation so as to most successfully reduce sexual violence.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative ...emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.
After an assessment of student learning outcomes indicated that information literacy (IL) was a weakness in the plant and soil science programs, instructors in the introductory plant science course ...collaborated with the Washington State University Libraries to incorporate IL into an existing assignment. The objectives of this paper are to describe the incorporation of an IL web-based learning environment into the course and to evaluate the effectiveness of the environment in improving students' abilities to find and use information in two consecutive classes. The environment featured a series of tutorials covering the IL standards of: needed, accessing, evaluating, and using information, followed by a quiz and an essay for each standard. The essays and a final comprehensive assignment tested the students' abilities to apply the information learned from tutorials. The class average on the pretest, taken before the online tutorials, was 59% in 2007 and 51% in 2008. The average quiz score after completing the tutorials was 89% and 80% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Student performance on the quizzes was correlated with subsequent performance on the assignment both years, suggesting that the online learning environment shows potential as an effective tool in helping students learn and apply IL concepts.
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