This work discusses the historical development of landscape typologies of Slovenia, focusing on methodology, terminology, criteria for the division of territory, and landscape type hierarchy. It ...presents all five macrotypologies of Slovenia created between 1946 and 2013, Slovenia’s classification in nine selected macrotypologies of Europe produced between 1995 and 2016, and eight examples of microtypologies of smaller areas of Slovenia made between 1985 and 2020. It compares and evaluates similar typologies. If, in addition to the landscape typology, a geographical regionalization was also produced, common points are sought between the two. The macrotypologies and microtypologies of Slovenia are accompanied by an original and updated map.
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This work discusses Slovenian geographical names: endonyms in Slovenia and in border areas inhabited by Slovenians in neighboring countries, and Slovenian exonyms used in Slovenian to describe ...geographical features outside the Slovenian settlement area. First, it gives a historical overview of dealing with geographical names in Slovenia and especially emphasizes their scholarly and cartographic significance. Then it presents macrotoponyms and microtoponyms, especially geographical names in Slovenian normative guides, names of countries, and foreign exonyms for Slovenian endonyms. All of this is connected with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and the Slovenian Government Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names. The former body handles geographical names globally and the latter nationally.
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Slovenian exonyms in North America Perko, Drago; Kladnik, Drago
Acta geographica Slovenica : Geografski zbornik,
01/2017, Letnik:
57, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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The number of Slovenian exonyms around the world decreases with distance from Slovenia. This applies less so to North America, where their density is twice as high as in South and Central ...America.Based on a comparative analysis of geographical names from all important world atlases in Slovenian, we prepared two spreadsheets of Slovenian exonyms. The extensive spreadsheet has 5,038 names and the concise spreadsheet has 3,819 names. Each exonym has thirty-five thematic fields.In North America, marine hydronyms (21.1%) are the most numerous semantic type of exonyms, and completely translated names (77.9%) are the most numerous Slovenianized type of exonyms. Among the original languages of exonyms, English completely prevails (97.1%).The most commonly used Slovenian exonyms from North America in Slovenian texts are Dolina smrti ‘Death Valley’, Veliki kanjon ‘Grand Canyon’, Niagarski slapovi ‘Niagara Falls’, Skalno gorovje ‘Rocky Mountains’, and Aleuti ‘Aleutian Islands’.
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Atlant was the first world atlas in Slovenian. It was published between 1869 and 1877, when most Slovenians lived in Austria-Hungary. The first-ever world atlas was authored by Abraham Ortelius and ...published in 1570, and the first Austrian world atlas was published in 1796 by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly. In both of them, the territory of what is now Slovenia is depicted on several maps. Atlant was edited by Matej Cigale, who carried out pioneering work in Slovenianizing geographical names and preserving Slovenian exonyms. The Slovenian geographical names used in the atlas reflect the relationships at the time between Slovenian and other languages. Atlas is important because it uses Slovenian geographical names on the maps. It also influenced later world atlases, especially the first school atlases in Slovenian. A facsimile of Atlant with accompanying studies was published in 2005.
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Based on digital data on relief, rock, and vegetation, the most significant elements of the internal structure of Slovenian landscapes and at the same time of their external appearance, a geographic ...information system and verification in the field were used to create several natural landscape typologies of Slovenia with a varying number of types. The most generalized typology is based on the spatial overlap of four relief, seven lithological, and seven vegetation units. It has twenty-four landscape types: four flat, eleven low hilly, six hilly, and three mountainous types.
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Based on digital data on relief, rock, and vegetation, the most significant elements of the internal structure of Slovenian landscapes, and their external appearance, a geographic information system ...was used to calculate landscape diversity of Slovenia. Areas with high landscape diversity are landscape hotspots, and areas with low landscape diversity are landscape coldspots. One-tenth of Slovenia with the highest landscape diversity was defined as landscape hotspots, and one-tenth of Slovenia with the lowest landscape diversity was defined as landscape coldspots. Most landscape hotspots are located in the Alpine part of Slovenia (more than two-thirds of their total area), and most landscape coldspots in the Dinaric part of Slovenia (almost half of their total area).
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Supervised and unsupervised classification methods can be a useful tool in determining various geographical spatial divisions, especially regionalizations and typifications. Because Slovenia is ...geographically very diverse, its divisions are a particularly significant and interesting research challenge. The main objective of this article is to determine the effectiveness of unsupervised classification methods, and therefore we compare the well-established landscape typology of Slovenia from 1996 with landscape typologies that were modeled using various unsupervised classification methods. Our results show that landscape typologies modeled using unsupervised classification methods deviate more from the original landscape typology of Slovenia than landscape typologies modeled using random and expert-supervised classification methods.
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Geographical names are proper names of geographical features. They are characterized by different meanings, contexts, and history. Local names of geographical features (endonyms) may differ from the ...foreign names (exonyms) for the same feature. If a specific geographical name has been codified or in any other way established by an authority of the area where this name is located, this name is a standardized geographical name. In order to establish solid common ground, geographical names have been coordinated at a global level by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) since 1959. It is assisted by twenty-four regional linguistic/geographical divisions. Among these is the East Central and South-East Europe Division, with seventeen member states. Currently, the division is chaired by Slovenia. Some of the participants in the last session prepared four research articles for this special thematic issue of Acta geographica Slovenica. All of them are also briefly presented in the end of this article.
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The main purpose of this analysis is to identify places in Europe that can be described as very diverse according to various natural landscape types or landscape regions. In order to obtain these ...“hotspots,” several geographical divisions of Europe were examined. The analysis was performed for most of Europe at 5 km resolution. First, maps of landscape variety were produced based on each division of Europe taken into account. This step was carried out for each cell by counting the number of different unique natural landscape types or regions that are present in a radius of 50 km around the cell. Several maps of landscape diversity were produced using this method. Each of them was then weighted; the cell values were divided by the number of all unique types or regions in a division. In the final stage, all of the maps were synthesized (averaged) into one map showing landscape diversity for Europe. With this data it was possible to determine Europe’s landscape hotspots and to define the most naturally heterogeneous countries. Among all of the European countries, Slovenia has the highest average landscape diversity; the highest absolute landscape diversity is located in the Norwegian part of southern Scandinavia.
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The Slovenian geographer Ivan Gams made his greatest research contribution in the second half of the twentieth century, when regional geography was primarily characterized by a decline in its theory ...and exceptional development of its methodology. In recent years, the role of thematic cartography and related geographic information systems has been strengthening, and the humanist(ic) component of regional geography has been emphasized. In Slovenia, regional geography gained new impetus with the country’s independence in 1991. Gams enriched Slovenian regional geography especially through various regionalization schemes for Slovenia and secondary-school textbooks, as the leader of a long-standing regional geography research project, and as an advisor to junior researchers in regional geography.
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