Conflicts involve powerful experiences. The residue of these experiences is captured by the concept and language of emotion. Indiscriminate killing creates fear; targeted violence produces anger and ...a desire for vengeance; political status reversals spawn resentment; cultural prejudices sustain ethnic contempt. These emotions can become resources for political entrepreneurs. A broad range of Western interventions are based on a view of human nature as narrowly rational. Correspondingly, intervention policy generally aims to alter material incentives ('sticks and carrots') to influence behavior. In response, poorer and weaker actors who wish to block or change this Western implemented 'game' use emotions as resources. This book examines the strategic use of emotion in the conflicts and interventions occurring in the Western Balkans over a twenty-year period. The book concentrates on the conflicts among Albanian and Slavic populations (Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, South Serbia), along with some comparisons to Bosnia.
Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe explains how ordinary people become involved in resistance and rebellion against powerful regimes. The book shows how a sequence of casual forces ...- social norms, focal points, rational calculation - operate to drive individuals into roles of passive resistance and, at a second stage, into participation in community-based rebellion organization. By linking the operation of these mechanisms to observable social structures, the work generates predictions about which types of community and society are most likely to form and sustain resistance and rebellion. The empirical material centres around Lithuanian anti-Soviet resistance in both the 1940s and the 1987–1991 period. Using the Lithuanian experience as a baseline, comparisons with several other Eastern European countries demonstrate the breadth and depth of the theory. The book contributes to both the general literature on political violence and protest, as well as the theoretical literature on collective action.
Alter and Zurn’s framework identifies ‘frequent companions’ to backlash politics including emotive elements. This article addresses those emotive elements. In particular, it defines and unpacks the ...complex emotion of indignation, an emotion that sets off a dynamic process leading to mutual contempt between political groups. The article shows how indignation and its dynamic processes have helped unleash backlash politics in the United States.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this symposium on emotions, ideology, and violent mobilization, this article will concentrate on emotions. I will make two major points. First, in studying mobilization, focusing on the role of ...specific emotions is analytically tractable and valuable. Second, the relationship between emotions and ideology is complex. Far from simply providing "shocks" to a status quo, emotions may lay the groundwork for ideologies that emerge during times of violent mobilization. In making my case, I will emphasize that emotions should be conceived as the residue of life experience. Accordingly, the role of emotions should be examined within the context of the real-life experiences that generate them.
The policies of Republican Governor Scott Walker have come to symbolize a resurgent assault on the public sector, and on public employee unions in particular, by the Republican Party. The fact that ...this is happening in Wisconsin, the state that in the last century was considered the “laboratory of Progressivism,” makes the politics surrounding these policies all the more compelling. In The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker, Katherine J. Cramer analyzes the “politics of resentment” surrounding these developments. Employing an ethnographic “method of listening,” Cramer furnishes thick description of the political language employed by rural Wisconsinites, and proceeds to develop an interpretive theory of “political resentment” that illuminates the reasons why lower-class citizens so strongly oppose public policies seeking to offset social and economic inequality. The book is important methodologically and politically. We have thus invited a range of social and political scientists to comment on the book as a work of political science and as a diagnosis of the current political moment.
This manuscript investigates the effectiveness of two possible horizontal discretizations for the global ocean model MPAS-Ocean, both applied to Spherical Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations (SCVTs). ...The first discretization is TRiSK, a C-grid, finite-volume method, that possesses many desirable mimetic properties, but has a low order accuracy. The second discretization was introduced for the first time by Peixoto (2016), and consists of modifications to the TRiSK scheme designed to achieve at least first-order accuracy in the L∞ norm, with the loss of some of the mimetic properties. Tests on shallow-water and primitive-equation models show that the scheme due to Peixoto is indeed more accurate, but presents stability issues with respect to TRiSK. TRiSK is indeed found to be often more stable in time and more robust with respect to errors in the geometric properties of the grid.
•We compare two discretizations for MPAS-Ocean: TRiSK and the Peixoto scheme.•We test the two methods on a shallow water model and a fully 3D model.•We find that the Peixoto scheme is more accurate than TRiSK but is more unstable.•In the Peixoto scheme energy enters the system and slowly builds up over time.•TRiSK keeps the system energy in balance resulting in a long-timescale stability.
In our analysis of mass protest in the nonreformist part of Eastern Europe 1989 we ask not only why people rebel, but how they rebel against highly repressive regimes. We show how the decisions of ...individual protesters concerning participation in protest activity are influenced by a set of assurance games that involve their own and other social groups. We also show how regime actors go through the reverse process of a “deassurance game” as their instruments of coercion are undermined.
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant that is harmful to urban populations, particularly in developing countries where it is present in significant quantities. It greatly increases the risk of heart and ...lung diseases and harms agricultural crops. This study hypothesized that, as a secondary pollutant, ground-level ozone is amenable to 24 h forecasting based on measurements of weather conditions and primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. We developed software to analyze hourly records of 12 air pollutants and 5 weather variables over the course of one year in Delhi, India. To determine the best predictive model, eight machine learning algorithms were tuned, trained, tested, and compared using cross-validation with hourly data for a full year. The algorithms, ranked by R2 values, were XGBoost (0.61), Random Forest (0.61), K-Nearest Neighbor Regression (0.55), Support Vector Regression (0.48), Decision Trees (0.43), AdaBoost (0.39), and linear regression (0.39). When trained by separate seasons across five years, the predictive capabilities of all models increased, with a maximum R2 of 0.75 during winter. Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory was the least accurate model for annual training, but had some of the best predictions for seasonal training. Out of five air quality index categories, the XGBoost model was able to predict the correct category 24 h in advance 90% of the time when trained with full-year data. Separated by season, winter is considerably more predictable (97.3%), followed by post-monsoon (92.8%), monsoon (90.3%), and summer (88.9%). These results show the importance of training machine learning methods with season-specific data sets and comparing a large number of methods for specific applications.
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