Hydrochar produced via hydrothermal carbonization of grape pomace was considered as novel sorbent of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. In order to enhance the adsorption capacity, hydrochar was chemically ...modified using 2 M KOH solution. Both materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. Batch experiments were performed to examine the effect of sorbent dosage, pH and contact time. Obtained results showed that the KOH treatment increased the sorption capacity of hydrochar from 27.8 mg g−1 up to 137 mg g−1 at pH 5. Adsorption of lead on either of the materials was achieved through ion-exchange mechanism, chemisorption and Pb2+-π interaction. The Sips isotherm model gave the best fit with the experimental data obtained for Pb2+ sorption using activated hydrochar. The adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters implied that the Pb2+ binding for hydrochar surface was spontaneous and exothermic process. Findings from this work suggest that the hydrothermal carbonization is a promising route for production of efficient Pb 2+ sorbents for wastewater treatment.
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•Grape pomace hydrochar and KOH modified hydrochar were tested as Pb2+ sorbents.•Alkali modified hydrochar exhibited a fivefold higher Pb2+ adsorption capacity.•The adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo second-order model.•The Sips isotherm model gave the best fit with the experimental data.•The Pb2+ binding for hydrochar surface was spontaneous and exothermic process.
Locally available apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) shells classified as a waste product from fruit processing, were alkali activated in order to develop an efficient heavy metal ions sorbent for water ...purification. To examine the changes occurred after alkali treatment, raw (SH) and modified apricot shells (SHM) were thoroughly characterized in terms of their chemical composition and surface properties. Chemical analysis revealed that alkaline treatment causes the disintegration of hemicellulose (its content decreased from 19.2 to 3.5%), which was in accordance with FTIR results. SEM micrographs and the mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed a larger surface area and porosity of SHM. Bohem's acid-base titration method indicated that the most of the SHM surface carboxylic groups were in sodium salt form and together with the pH of points of zero charge showed increase of surface alkalinity after modification. Treatment with NaOH enhanced the adsorption capacity by 154, 61 and 90% for Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The amount of cations released from SHM was almost equal to the amount of adsorbed metal ions, suggesting ion exchange mechanism. The pseudo-second order kinetic indicated that the heavy metals cations were bound predominantly by complexation.
In order to establish the effectiveness of the biosorbent in real wastewater sample, SHM was employed for cleaning-up of drain water emanating from atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. The SHM showed high removal efficiency towards multiple metal ions. The amounts of Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr ions were reduced by 97, 87, 81 and 80%, respectively, while Ni and Zn amounts were reduced for 33 and 14%.
Used biosorbent SHM can be successfully regenerated with HCl (desorption>95%) and after regeneration biosorbent can be reused or it can be safely disposed.
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•Biosorption of heavy metals on raw and alkali treated apricot shells was studied.•Alkali activation significantly improves adsorption properties of raw sample.•Biosorption mechanism is ion-exchange followed by heavy metals complexation.•Based on desorption study results, biosorbent can be efficiently recovered and reused.•The developed biosorbent was successfully applied on real sample.
Thinking Inconsistently Petrović, Marija B.; Žeželj, Iris
European journal of psychological assessment : official organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment,
11/2022, Letnik:
38, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
People tend to simultaneously accept mutually exclusive
beliefs. If they are generally prone to tolerate inconsistencies, irrespective
of their content, we say they are prone to doublethink. We ...developed a measure
to capture individual differences in this tendency and demonstrated its
construct and predictive validity across two studies. In Study 1, participants
(N = 240) filled in the doublethink scale,
the rational/intuitive inventory, and three measures of conspiratorial beliefs
(conspiracy mentality, belief in specific and contradictory conspiracies).
Doublethink was meaningfully related to all measured variables and was
predictive of all conspiratorial beliefs over and above rational/intuitive
thinking styles. In Study 2 (N = 149), we
included the need for cognition and preference for consistency in the predictor
set alongside doublethink, while the criterion set remained the same. Once
again, doublethink related in an expected way to other measured variables and
was predictive of belief in conspiracy theories after accounting for the effects
of need for cognition and preference for consistency. We discuss the properties
of the scale and how it relates to other consistency measures, and offer two
ways to conceptualize doublethink: as a lack of metacognitive ability to spot
inconsistencies or as a thinking style that easily accommodates inconsistent
beliefs.
The literature dealing with copper behaviour in chloride media in the presence of azoles is studied in order to improve understanding of their action mechanism, protective films formed, and the ...possibility of their application according to the inhibition efficiency achieved. The corrosion inhibition effect results from inhibitor molecule adsorption on copper surface and formation of the protective complex coating. According to the results summarised, copper corrosion may be successfully inhibited by benzotriazole, phenyl derivatives of tetrazole, bypyrazoles and 2-methyl-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole in NaCl solutions, and in HCl solutions by 5-chloro benzotriazole, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, and 4-methylimidazole.
The effects of adenine, salicylaldoxime and 4(5)-methylimidazole on brass corrosion in NaCl were investigated. The investigation comprised electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscopy and ...quantum chemical calculation. The results obtained by polarization measurements show that the examined compounds successfully inhibited the corrosion of brass. Additionally, the quantum mechanical calculations indicate that there is a correlation between energy gap and inhibition efficiency. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism includes the adsorption of the inhibitor on active sites on the electrode surface, which was confirmed by SEM-EDS analysis of the brass.
It is known that if unused drugs are improperly disposed, they can pollute the environment. Furthermore, researchers are still trying to find an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor. These ...factors lead to the possible application of unused pharmaceutical compounds as corrosion inhibitors. The feasibility of an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug, ibuprofen, was evaluated as a potential copper corrosion inhibitor in synthetic acid rain solution. This investigation was performed by applying electrochemical and weight loss measurements and quantum chemical calculations. The results obtained by these techniques revealed the ability of ibuprofen to protect copper from corrosion. The inhibition efficiency of ibuprofen rises with increase in its concentration and can reach a value of 97.3%. The results of surface analysis of treated coupons by scanning electron microscopy and theoretical calculations are consistent with the experimental results.
This paper presents an eco-friendly approach for minimizing heavy metal pollution, offering food waste valorization and energy source at the same time. It focuses on Cu(II) sorption by low cost ...sorbent developed by mechanical treatment of Prunus persica L. stones, a food industry waste biomass. Removal of Cu(II) was studied at different operating parameters in a batch sorption system, with special attention on temperature effect on sorption process. The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich model were applied to test kinetic experimental data. Equilibrium experimental results were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Toth and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms to elucidate the type and sorption performance. Characteristic functional groups responsible for Cu(II) binding and thermal behavior of PS have been investigated using FT-IR and TGA analyses. The activation parameters were calculated using Arrhenius and Eyring equations. Using equilibrium data at different temperatures, thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 were calculated, suggesting that the sorption of Cu(II) on PS is spontaneous and endothermic process with increased randomness during the sorption. The isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔisoH) was determined, suggesting the non-uniformity of PS surface and lateral interactions among ions sorbed. Desorption experiments performed with different chemicals have confirmed the reusability of PS for five cycles, without losing and even improving its sorption capacity. Results presented in this paper might help in appropriate design of purification systems using this type of lignocellulosic waste.
•Mechanically treated waste from food industry - Prunus Persica L. stones (PS) were used for toxic Cu(II) ion removal.•The Cu(II) uptake was strongly affected by operating parameters.•The equilibrium process was fitted best by Sips isotherm.•Thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous, endothermic and entropy favorable sorption behavior with small energy demand.•Exhausted PS particles can be reused as a fuel.
Objectives
This Registered Report attempted to conceptually replicate the finding that communicating herd immunity increases vaccination intentions (Betsch, et al., 2017, Nat. Hum. Behav., 0056). An ...additional objective was to explore the roles of descriptive social norms (vaccination behaviour of others) and the herd‐immunity threshold (coverage needed to stop disease transmission).
Design
An online experiment with a 2 (herd‐immunity explanation: present vs. absent) × 3 (descriptive norm: high vs. low vs. absent) × 2 (herd‐immunity threshold: present vs. absent) between‐subjects fractional design.
Methods
Sample consisted of 543 people (aged 18–64) residing in the United Kingdom. Participants first received an explanation of herd immunity emphasising social benefits (protecting others) in both textual and animated‐infographic form. Next, they were faced with fictitious information about the disease, the vaccine, their country’s vaccination coverage (80% or 20%), and the herd‐immunity threshold (90%). Vaccination intention was self‐rated.
Results
Compared to the control, communicating social benefits of herd immunity was effective in increasing vaccination intentions (F(1,541) = 6.97, p = .009, Partial Eta‐Squared = 0.013). Communicating the descriptive norm or the herd‐immunity threshold alongside the herd‐immunity explanation demonstrated no observable effect.
Conclusion
Communicating social benefits of herd immunity increased self‐reported vaccination intentions against a fictitious disease, replicating previous findings. Although this result is positive, the practical relevance may be limited. Further research into the effect of social nudges to motivate vaccination is required, particularly with respect to the recent pandemic context and varying levels of vaccine hesitancy.
The synergistic inhibition effect of the 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (MBTAH)/1H-benzotriazole (BTAH) with potassium sorbate and gelatin on the copper corrosion in an acidic sulphate solution was ...investigated by electrochemical methods and weight loss measurements. According to the obtained results, potassium sorbate and gelatin act as mixed-type inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency was significantly greater in the presence of MBTAH/BTAH with potassium sorbate or gelatin which indicates that synergistic inhibition effect was achieved. Investigated compounds obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
•The synergistic effect of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and potassium sorbate was studied.•Also, the synergistic effect of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and gelatin was studied.•Potentiodynamic polarization measurements, weight loss measurements and surface analysis were used.•The adsorption of the investigated inhibitors follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
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