The term “muon puzzle” was formulated at International Symposium on Future Directions in UHECR Physics in CERN 13–16 February 2012. In this paper, various aspects of muon puzzle are considered. ...Obtained experimental data can be divided into two types: muon bundle excess compared to simulations which is increasing with the increase of primary particle energy, and the excess of very-high-energy muons (>100TeV) in the muon energy spectrum. One of the possible (and realistic) solutions of the muon puzzle is the hypothesis about production of blobs of quark-gluon matter with large orbital momentum in nucleus–nucleus interactions at energies more than several PeV. Possibilities of the check of this hypothesis are discussed.
Cherenkov water detector NEVOD and its further development Petrukhin, A.A.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2020, Letnik:
952
Journal Article
Recenzirano
NEVOD is the first and the only in the world Cherenkov water detector (CWD) for investigations of all cosmic ray components on the Earth’s surface. Conception of quasispherical modules for detection ...of Cherenkov light in water from any direction with an equal efficiency is analyzed. Additional detectors for CWD and results of various investigations are discussed. The future development of the CWD NEVOD as a test facility for calibration of new optical modules for very large volume neutrino telescopes is considered.
There was a lot of puzzles in the history of the discovery and investigations of the muon itself and the muon component of cosmic rays. The last of them is an excess of high-multiplicity muon groups ...that grows with increasing energy of primary cosmic rays and which is detected in various experiments. An excess of muons that have ultrahigh energies (above 100 TeV) is the second aspect of the muon puzzle. Various approaches to solving the muon puzzle that are associated with measuring the energy features of the muon component of cosmic rays are considered.
Abstract
A model of the interference of fields from backscattering point sources in a ring optical resonator is presented. Examples of calculations of complex coupling coefficients in ring resonators ...of laser gyroscopes are given. Comparison of the calculation results with the results of model experiments demonstrates good agreement and makes it possible to determine dissipative and conservative backscattering components of individual resonator mirrors. The possibilities of reducing the dissipative and conservative backscattering components in the process of ring resonator alignment are discussed.
A unique multipurpose Cherenkov water detector, the NEVOD facility, uses quasispherical measuring modules to explore all the basic components of cosmic rays on Earth's surface, including neutrinos. ...Currently, the experimental complex includes the Cherenkov water detector, a calibration telescope system, and a coordinate detector. This paper traces the basic development stages of NEVOD, examines research directions, presents the results obtained, including the search for the solution to the 'muon puzzle', and discusses possible future development prospects.
The term "Megascience" appeared relatively not long time ago and has no distinct definition. Intuitively, this term is understood as something big and certainly expensive, i.e. a concept of ..."Megascience" is replaced by a concept of "Megamoney". In this paper, the unique scientific facility "NEVOD Experimental complex" (USF NEVOD), which satisfies all requirements to Megascience facilities, is described. USF NEVOD provides conduction of basic and applied investigations of cosmic rays in the record energy interval 109 − 1019 eV. Obtained scientific results are considered, and their comparison with other, larger scale detectors is discussed. This comparison shows the advantage of original approach used in the NEVOD complex compared to traditional methods of investigations. Taking into account the location of USF NEVOD in the University, the Scientific and Educational Center was organized on its bases. This allows solve two important tasks: to provide permanent operation of USF NEVOD by envolving students and to ensure their training in frame of real scientific experimental investigations. Some other questions of development and functioning of unique scientific facilities are considered, too.
Muon Puzzle in Cosmic Rays Petrukhin, A. A.
Moscow University physics bulletin,
04/2022, Letnik:
77, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Short history and modern status of muon puzzle in cosmic rays of very high energies are described. Possible reasons of muon puzzle appearance are discussed. Some experimental ways of muon puzzle ...solution are considered. One of them is the measurement of energy characteristics of muons, which give the contribution to the observed excess of muon bundles at very high energies. Preliminary results of measurements of muon bundle energy deposit at large zenith angles are analysed.
In autumn 2018, the Working group on Hadronic Interactions and Shower Physics (WHISP) had compiled the results of various experiments in which cosmic ray muon bundles were registered. In some ...experiments, an excess of the number of muons is observed in comparison with Monte Carlo simulations with different hadronic interaction models at energies of primary nuclei above 10 PeV. However, not all experiments showed an excess. We present a review of methods for detecting muon bundles by various installations which data were investigated by the WHISP group.
Abstract
In this work, we use muon bundles, which are formed in extensive air showers and detected at the ground level, as a tool for searching for anisotropy in high-energy cosmic rays. Such choice ...is explained by the penetrating ability of muons that allows them to retain the direction of primary particles with good accuracy. In 2012–2022, we performed long-term muon-bundle detection with the coordinate-tracking detector DECOR, which is a part of the Experimental Complex NEVOD (MEPhI, Moscow). To search for cosmic-ray anisotropy, muon bundles arriving at zenith angles in the range from 15° to 75° in the local coordinate system are used. During the entire period of data taking, about 14 million of such events have been accumulated. In this paper, we describe some methods developed in the Experimental Complex NEVOD and implemented in our research, including: the method for compensating for the influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity of muon bundles at the Earth’s surface, the method for accounting for the design features of the detector and the inhomogeneity of the detection efficiency for different directions, as well as the method for estimating the primary energies of cosmic rays. Here we present the results of the search for the dipole anisotropy of cosmic rays with energies in the PeV region and also compare them with the results obtained at other scientific facilities.
The letter raises the issue of myths existing among the general population about the harmfulness of synthetic medicines. The problems of drug provision, the lack of vital antiepileptic drugs on sale, ...frequent changes in the prescription forms are touched upon. The reasons for the low efficiency of domestic generics are indicated, an inconvenient form of their release is noted. The author emphasizes how important it is for a doctor to take into account the individual characteristics of a patient when choosing drug therapy.
PDF
