Abstract Aim This work describes the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and the HPV type distribution in a large series of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) grades 2/3 and vaginal cancer ...worldwide. Methods We analysed 189 VAIN 2/3 and 408 invasive vaginal cancer cases collected from 31 countries from 1986 to 2011. After histopathological evaluation of sectioned formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, HPV DNA detection and typing was performed using the SPF-10/DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA)/LiPA25 system (version 1). A subset of 146 vaginal cancers was tested for p16INK4a expression, a cellular surrogate marker for HPV transformation. Prevalence ratios were estimated using multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance. Results HPV DNA was detected in 74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 70–78%) of invasive cancers and in 96% (95% CI: 92–98%) of VAIN 2/3. Among cancers, the highest detection rates were observed in warty-basaloid subtype of squamous cell carcinomas, and in younger ages. Concerning the type-specific distribution, HPV16 was the most frequently type detected in both precancerous and cancerous lesions (59%). p16INK4a overexpression was found in 87% of HPV DNA positive vaginal cancer cases. Conclusions HPV was identified in a large proportion of invasive vaginal cancers and in almost all VAIN 2/3. HPV16 was the most common type detected. A large impact in the reduction of the burden of vaginal neoplastic lesions is expected among vaccinated cohorts.
Give Them Prizes, and They Will Come Petry, Nancy M; Martin, Bonnie; Cooney, Judith L ...
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,
04/2000, Letnik:
68, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study evaluated the efficacy of a contingency management (CM) procedure that provided opportunities to win prizes as reinforcers. At intake to outpatient treatment, 42 alcohol-dependent veterans ...were randomly assigned to receive standard treatment or standard treatment plus CM, in which they earned the chance to win prizes for submitting negative Breathalyzer samples and completing steps toward treatment goals. Eighty-four percent of the CM participants were retained in treatment for an 8-week period compared with 22% of the standard treatment participants (
p
< .001). By the end of the treatment period, 69% of those receiving CM were still abstinent, but 61% of those receiving standard treatment had used alcohol (
p
< .05). These results support the efficacy of this CM procedure. Participants earned an average of $200 in prizes. This CM procedure may be suitable for use in standard treatment settings because prizes can be solicited from the community.
Charmed baryons in a relativistic quark model Migura, S.; Merten, D.; Metsch, B. ...
The European physical journal. A, Hadrons and nuclei,
4/2006, Letnik:
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
This study evaluated associations between body mass index (BMI) and psychiatric disorders.
Data from 41,654 respondents in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were ...analyzed.
After controlling for demographics, the continuous variable of BMI was significantly associated with most mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. When persons were classified into BMI categories of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, and extremely obese, both obese categories had significantly increased odds of any mood, anxiety, and alcohol use disorder, as well as any personality disorder, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.21 to 2.08. Specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-revision IV mood and personality disorders associated with obesity included major depression, dysthmia, and manic episode (ORs, 1.45-2.70) and antisocial, avoidant, schizoid, paranoid, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders (ORs, 1.31-2.55). Compared with normal weight individuals, being moderately overweight was significantly associated with anxiety and some substance use disorders, but not mood or personality disorders. Specific anxiety disorders that occurred at significantly higher rates among all categories of persons exceeding normal weight were generalized anxiety, panic without agoraphobia, and specific phobia (ORs, 1.23-2.60). Being underweight was significantly related to only a few disorders; it was positively related to specific phobia (OR, 1.31) and manic episode (OR, 1.83), and negatively associated with social phobia (OR, 0.60), panic disorder with agoraphobia (OR, 0.40), and avoidant personality disorder (OR, 0.59).
These data provide a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the association between body weight and psychiatric conditions. Interventions addressing weight loss may benefit from integrating treatment for psychiatric disorders.
•Turbulence-radiation interaction is studied for ethanol and methanol pool fires.•Large-eddy simulation is used to obtain detailed transient fields.•Individual contributions of temperature and ...composition fluctuations are studied.•Temperature fluctuations are more important to the turbulence-radiation interaction.•However, composition fluctuations cannot be neglected without loss of accuracy.
This paper presents a study of resolved-scale turbulence-radiation interaction (TRI) effects in large-scale methanol and ethanol pool fires. A broad investigation of the magnitude of the phenomenon when assuming the participating medium as gray or as non-gray is first conducted, followed by an analysis of the individual importance of turbulent fluctuations of temperature and species concentrations in the prediction of the mean radiation field. For these purposes, transient data generated by large eddy simulation are compared to results of independent radiative transfer calculations initialized with mean temperature and medium composition fields. A new methodology is proposed to isolate the influence of each fluctuating scalar on the overall TRI. In all test cases, turbulence-radiation interaction was found to increase the region of radiation loss, leading to differences between 60% and 80% in the radiant fraction of the flame compared to solutions neglecting turbulent fluctuations. When treating the media as non-gray, TRI effects were globally more significant, even though in some parts of the domain simulations employing the gray assumption yielded larger deviations in the mean radiative heat source due to TRI. By isolating the contributions of fluctuations of temperature and fluctuations of species concentrations, the latter resulted in mean radiation fields very similar to the ones obtained by neglecting all scalar fluctuations, while the former, although being closer to the solution considering full TRI effects, still showed differences as high as 60% relative to that solution. These findings indicate that temperature fluctuations are more important to the turbulence-radiation interaction phenomenon, but fluctuations in medium composition need to be taken into account in order to obtain reliable predictions of the mean radiative heat transfer.
This work presents large eddy simulation of mixed convection in transient, two-dimensional laminar and turbulent flows in cavities. The Smagorinsky model is employed for the sub-grid treatment. The ...simulations are based on the finite element solution of the conservation equations, and are presented for Reynolds and Richardson numbers ranging from 400 to 10,000 and from 0.1 to 0.44, respectively. Results for both the laminar and turbulent are compared with those in the literature, leading to maximum deviations of about 5%. In general, the results show a strong dependence of the type of stratification with the fluid dynamics and heat transfer.
•Turbulence-radiation interaction is analyzed for a non-reactive problem.•Large-eddy simulation is used to obtain transient detailed fields.•A model developed by Snegirev for the radiative emission ...is evaluated and modified.•The model increases errors in the predicted quantities compared to LES results.•A modification of the model, based on an optimization process, has better accuracy.
An analysis on turbulence-radiation interaction (TRI) effects and an evaluation and modification of a model for the mean radiative emission are presented, in the context of a non-reactive channel flow of a high temperature homogeneous participating gas. Large-eddy simulation is adopted to generate transient data that can be compared to independent calculations initialized with mean temperature and flow fields. Both the gray gas and the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases models are used to solve the radiative heat transfer, as a means of investigating how the consideration or not of the spectral variation of radiative properties influences TRI effects. Results show an overall small impact of TRI on both the mean radiative heat flux and the mean radiative heat source, but relatively greater effects are observed when the spectral dependence of the problem is not neglected. The model for the radiative emission does not have a good accuracy for the cases studied in this paper, probably because it was developed for higher temperature fluctuation intensities than the range predominant in the simulations. A modification on the values of two coefficients associated with the model, performed based on an optimization methodology, leads to a considerable reduction in the error in the predicted mean radiative heat flux compared to solutions fully neglecting turbulent fluctuations. Although the improvement in the estimation of the mean radiative heat source is not so substantial, in most of the domain this quantity is better predicted with the modified model than without it.
•A new model for turbulence-radiation interaction (TRI) is developed.•The development is based on transient data numerically generated for pool fires.•The model allows for the consideration of ...emission TRI in RANS simulations.•An approximation for the mean Planck-mean absorption coefficient is also proposed.•Errors of the model are significantly smaller than those of existing models.
A new model to account for turbulence-radiation interaction on the radiation emission in the framework of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations is proposed and tested. The model’s development is based on Reynolds decompositions of the temperature T and the Planck-mean absorption coefficient κ in the time-averaged radiative emission and on a multi-variable Taylor-series expansion of κ as a function of temperature and species concentration. The relative importance of the terms that arise from these processes are assessed using statistics extracted from high-resolution, fully-coupled large eddy simulations (LES) of large-scale pool fires. All high-order terms are related to resolved quantities or to quantities for which models are already available by curve fitting the LES-generated data. The model presents a total error in directly estimating the radiative emission of about 25%, offering a considerable improvement over existing approximations, which, at best, have total errors above 40%. An expression introduced for the mean absorption coefficient also shows a good accuracy, with an associated total error of 16%. When applied to the solution of the time-averaged radiative transfer equation, the new model again outperforms other approximations, especially in the flame region.
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