Les recherches menées en écologie du paysage mettent en évidence des effets probants de la structure du paysage sur la dynamique de la flore et de la faune. Dans le contexte d’une recherche de ...systèmes de cultures permettant un usage réduit des herbicides, il est légitime de s’interroger sur les effets potentiels de l’organisation de ces systèmes dans l’espace et dans le temps au sein d’un territoire sur la flore adventice. On sait aussi qu’une majorité des adventices utilisent des milieux autres que la parcelle cultivée et que la prise en compte des ces espaces hors champ est nécessaire à la compréhension de la dynamique de la flore adventice. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur le rôle des structures paysagères sur la dynamique de la flore adventice. Il identifie les avancées qui sont nécessaires pour pouvoir répondre à des questions relatives à l’effet de l’organisation spatio-temporelle des mosaïques agricoles (parcelles et espaces hors-champ) sur la flore adventice et présente des méthodes de description de ces mosaïques et de leur gestion qui relèvent de l’articulation entre l’écologie du paysage et l’agronomie
The field of landscape ecology has established that landscape structure can impact the dynamics of many organisms. While there is a consensus that new agricultural systems are needed that would allow low input of herbicides, it appears relevant to assess to what extent the spatio-temporal organisation of such systems at the landscape scale could provide a foundation for the management of weeds. As the weed flora can be found in many habitats that are not directly cultivated, such assessment would require to integrate uncultivated landscape elements. This paper presents the state of the art on the effect of landscape structure on the dynamics of the arable weed flora. It identifies the main gaps that need to be filled in order to fully integrate the role of landscape mosaics in our understanding of weed dynamics and presents methodologies that are currently being developed at the interface between landscape ecology and agronomy in order to realistically represent these mosaics
Les recherches menées en écologie du paysage mettent en évidence des effets probants de la structure du paysage sur la dynamique de la flore et de la faune. Dans le contexte d’une recherche de ...systèmes de cultures permettant un usage réduit des herbicides, il est légitime de s’interroger sur les effets potentiels de l’organisation de ces systèmes dans l’espace et dans le temps au sein d’un territoire sur la flore adventice. On sait aussi qu’une majorité des adventices utilisent des milieux autres que la parcelle cultivée et que la prise en compte des ces espaces hors champ est nécessaire à la compréhension de la dynamique de la flore adventice. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur le rôle des structures paysagères sur la dynamique de la flore adventice. Il identifie les avancées qui sont nécessaires pour pouvoir répondre à des questions relatives à l’effet de l’organisation spatio-temporelle des mosaïques agricoles (parcelles et espaces hors-champ) sur la flore adventice et présente des méthodes de description de ces mosaïques et de leur gestion qui relèvent de l’articulation entre l’écologie du paysage et l’agronomie
The field of landscape ecology has established that landscape structure can impact the dynamics of many organisms. While there is a consensus that new agricultural systems are needed that would allow low input of herbicides, it appears relevant to assess to what extent the spatio-temporal organisation of such systems at the landscape scale could provide a foundation for the management of weeds. As the weed flora can be found in many habitats that are not directly cultivated, such assessment would require to integrate uncultivated landscape elements. This paper presents the state of the art on the effect of landscape structure on the dynamics of the arable weed flora. It identifies the main gaps that need to be filled in order to fully integrate the role of landscape mosaics in our understanding of weed dynamics and presents methodologies that are currently being developed at the interface between landscape ecology and agronomy in order to realistically represent these mosaics
Summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is often associated with chronic comorbid conditions of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the ...effects of the association of diabetes and pulmonary emphysema on cardiac structure and function in rats. Wistar rats were divided into control non‐diabetic instilled with saline (CS) or elastase (CE), diabetic instilled with saline (DS) or elastase (DE), DE treated with insulin (DEI) groups and echocardiographic measurements, morphometric analyses of the heart and lungs, and survival analysis conducted 50 days after instillation. Diabetes mellitus was induced alloxan, 42 mg/kg, intravenously (iv) 10 days before the induction of emphysema (elastase, 0.25 IU/100 g). Rats were treated with NPH insulin (4 IU before elastase plus 2 IU/day, 50 days). Both CE and DE exhibited similar increases in mean alveolar diameter, which are positively correlated with increases in right ventricular (RV) wall thickness (P = 0.0022), cavity area (P = 0.0001) and cardiomyocyte thickness (P = 0.0001). Diabetic saline group demonstrated a reduction in left ventricular (LV) wall, interventricular (IV) septum, cardiomyocyte thickness and an increase in cavity area, associated with a reduction in LV fractional shortening (P < 0.05), and an increase in LViv relaxation time (P < 0.05). Survival rate decreased from 80% in DS group to 40% in DE group. In conclusion, alloxan diabetes did not affect RV hypertrophy secondary to chronic emphysema, even in the presence of insulin. Diabetes per se induced left ventricular dysfunction, which was less evident in the presence of RV hypertrophy. Survival rate was substantially reduced as a consequence, at least in part, of the coexistence of RV hypertrophy and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Background: Patients with fragility fractures secondary to osteoporosis are at risk of recurrent fracture. Osteoporosis is often underrecognized and undertreated. We looked at the levels of ...awareness, investigation and treatment of patients with fracture.
Methods: The study group included patients admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital. Postal surveys were sent to female patients over 60 years of age who had been identified in the hospital database as having International Classification of Diseases‐10 codes for fracture and discharged between June 1997 and January 2002. The questionnaire had specific questions on the histories of the fractures, the risk factors, the awareness of osteoporosis, bone mineral density testing and the treatment for osteoporosis.
Results: Of 1584 surveys posted, 366 valid questionnaires were returned. The median age of respondents was 81 years with a range of 60–99 years. Fifty‐nine per cent reported one fracture, 41% two or more fractures and 65% reported a hip fracture. Forty‐eight per cent of patients were aware that they had osteoporosis and 35% reported having a bone density performed. Thirty‐seven per cent reported being on treatment for osteoporosis on discharge, with the majority being on treatment with calcium (34%).
Conclusion: This postal survey of a high‐risk patient group discharged from a tertiary hospital confirm the findings from other population‐based and hospital‐based studies that a significant proportion of patients at risk of further fracture are not investigated or offered specific treatment for osteoporosis. Lack of awareness of underlying osteoporosis by both treating clinicians and patients is likely to be a major contributing factor.
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