Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy cattle manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-pH-stabilized dairy cattle manure compost), and irrigation water were ...inoculated with an avirulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at 10(7) CFU g-1 and 10(5) CFU ml-1, respectively, to determine the persistence of salmonellae in soils containing these composts, in irrigation water, and also on carrots and radishes grown in these contaminated soils. A split-plot block design plan was used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but with contaminated water applied) and five replicates for a total of 25 plots for each crop, with each plot measuring 1.8 x 4.6 m. Salmonellae persisted for an extended period of time, with the bacteria surviving in soil samples for 203 to 231 days, and were detected after seeds were sown for 84 and 203 days on radishes and carrots, respectively. Salmonella survival was greatest in soil amended with poultry compost and least in soil containing alkaline-pH-stabilized dairy cattle manure compost. Survival profiles of Salmonella on vegetables and soil samples contaminated by irrigation water were similar to those observed when contamination occurred through compost. Hence, both contaminated manure compost and irrigation water can play an important role in contaminating soil and root vegetables with salmonellae for several months.
Many foodborne outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection have been associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables. On-farm contaminations through contaminated ...manure or irrigation water application were considered likely sources of the pathogen for several outbreaks. Field studies were done to determine the survival of E. coli O157:H7 on two subterranean crops (carrots and onions), and in soil fertilized with contaminated manure compost or irrigated with contaminated water. Three different types of composts, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost) and NVIRO-4 (alkaline stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7 at 107cfug−1 and 105cfuml−1, respectively. A split-plot block design plan was used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but with contaminated irrigation water applied) and five replicates for a total of 25 plots, each measuring 1.8×4.6m2, for each crop. Composts were applied to soil as a strip at a rate of 4.5 metric tonsha−1 before carrots and onions were sown. Contaminated irrigation water was sprayed once on the vegetables at the rate of 2l per plot for this treatment 3 weeks after carrots and onions were sown. E. coli O157:H7 survived in soil samples for 154–196 days, and was detected for 74 and 168 days on onions and carrots, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 survival was greatest in soil amended with poultry compost and least in soil containing alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost. Survival profiles of E. coli O157:H7 on vegetables and soil samples, contaminated either by application of contaminated compost or irrigation water, were similar. Hence, preharvest contamination of carrots and onions with E. coli O157:H7 for several months can occur through both contaminated manure compost and irrigation water.
This study determined the nutritive value, ensiling characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge ‘Tifton 9’), perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. ...‘Florigraze’), annual peanut Arachis hypogaea (L.) ‘FL MDR 98’, cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ‘Iron clay’, and pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ‘GA-2’. All forages were harvested at maturity stages that optimized dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. After harvest, forages were wilted to 45% DM, and 4 replicate bales of each legume and 8 bales of bahiagrass were wrapped in polyethylene and ensiled for 180 d. After each bale was opened, the forage was thoroughly mixed, and representative subsamples were taken for laboratory analysis and in situ incubation. Wilting and ensiling decreased the rumen-undegradable protein, water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein (CP), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of bahiagrass, perennial peanut, and cowpea, and increased their neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Among haylages, CP concentration was greatest for annual peanut, followed by perennial peanut and cowpea, and least for bahiagrass. In contrast, NDF concentration was greater in bahiagrass than in legumes. Pigeonpea had the greatest NDF concentration among legumes and lowest IVTD of all haylages. All haylages were aerobically stable for at least 84h, but pH was lower in perennial peanut and cowpea than in pigeonpea. Ammonia-N concentrations tended to be greater in legume haylages than in bahiagrass haylage. Butyrate concentration was greater in annual and perennial peanut than in bahiagrass. Total VFA concentration was greater in annual and perennial peanut and cowpea haylages than in bahiagrass haylage. Undegradable DM fractions were greater and extent of DM degradation was lower in bahiagrass and pigeonpea than in other haylages but lag time and degradation rates did not differ. Annual and perennial peanut and cowpea haylages were as aerobically stable and had greater CP, IVTD, and extent of degradation than did bahiagrass haylage; therefore, they are promising forages for dairy cow diets in the southeastern United States.
A fundamental shift to a total system approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating agricultural pests. Pest management ...strategies have long been dominated by quests for "silver bullet" products to control pest outbreaks. However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is similar to that for other systems, including the human body and social orders. Experience in these fields substantiates the fact that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only for short term relief because these externalities are soon "neutralized" by countermoves within the system. Long term resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing these systems in ways that maximize the array of "built-in" preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as backups to these natural regulators. To date, we have failed to incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest management science and continue to regress into a foot race with nature. In this report, we establish why a total system approach is essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle. We then draw on emerging knowledge about multitrophic level interactions and other specific findings about management of ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of such a central shift in pest management philosophy
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in ...EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
The high cost of commercial supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock fed poor quality warm-season grasses. This study determined how supplementing bahiagrass haylage ...(Paspalum notatum Flügge cv. Tifton 9) with soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. meal or warm-season legume haylages affected the performance of lambs. Forty-two Dorper x Katadhin lambs (27.5 ± 5 kg) were fed for ad libitum intake of bahiagrass haylage (67.8% NDF, 9.6% CP) alone (control) or supplemented with soybean meal (18.8% NDF, 51.4% CP) or haylages of annual peanut Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Florida MDR98; 39.6% NDF, 18.7% CP, cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Iron clay; 44.1% NDF, 16.0% CP, perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. cv. Florigraze; 40.0% NDF, 15.8% CP), or pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. GA-2; 65.0% NDF, 13.7% CP. Haylages were harvested at the optimal maturity for maximizing yield and nutritive value, wilted to 45% DM, baled, wrapped in polyethylene plastic, and ensiled for 180 d. Legumes were fed at 50% of the dietary DM, and soybean meal was fed at 8% of the dietary DM to match the average CP concentration (12.8%) of legume haylage-supplemented diets. Lambs were fed each diet for a 14-d adaptation period and a 7-d data collection period. Each diet was fed to 7 lambs in period 1 and 4 lambs in period 2. Pigeonpea haylage supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) DM and OM intake and digestibility vs. controls. Other legume haylages increased (P < 0.05) DM and OM intake vs. controls; however, only soybean meal supplementation increased (P = 0.01) DM digestibility. All supplements decreased (P = 0.05) NDF digestibility. Except for pigeonpea haylage, all supplements increased (P < 0.01) N intake, digestibility, and retention, and the responses were greatest (P = 0.04) with soybean meal supplementation. Microbial N synthesis was reduced (P = 0.02) by pigeonpea haylage supplementation, but unaffected (P = 0.05) by other supplements. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected (P = 0.05) by diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was increased (P = 0.01) by all supplements, but only soybean meal and annual peanut haylage increased (P < 0.03) plasma urea-N concentrations. Perennial peanut, annual peanut, and cowpea haylages are promising protein supplements for growing lambs.
The increasing cost of feed supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock grazing poor quality warm-season grasses. This study determined how supplementing bahiagrass hay ...(Paspalum notatum Flügge cv. Pensacola) with soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. meal or warm-season legume hays affected intake, digestibility, and N utilization by lambs. Dorper x Katadhin crossbred lambs (30.6 ± 5.5 kg; n = 42) were fed bahiagrass hay (73.8% NDF, 8.1% CP) for ad libitum intake and supplemented with nothing (control), soybean meal, or hays of annual peanut Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Florida MDR98; 46.2% NDF, 14.7% CP, cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Iron clay; 62.2% NDF, 11.7% CP, perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. cv. Florigraze; 43.3% NDF, 15.2% CP), pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. GA-2; 78.6% NDF, 12.2% CP, or soybean (cv. Pioneer 97B52; 59.0% NDF, 13.5% CP). Legume hays were supplemented at 50% of total diet DM, and soybean meal was supplemented at a level (4.25% of diet DM) that matched the average dietary CP content (10.8%) of the legume hay-supplemented diets. The cowpea, pigeonpea, and soybean were harvested at respective maturities that maximized DM yield and nutritive value, and the peanuts were first cuttings. Diets were fed to 6 lambs per treatment for 2 consecutive 21-d periods. Supplementation with hays of annual and perennial peanut, cowpea, and soybean increased (P < 0.01) DMI vs. control, but apparent DM digestibility was only increased (P = 0.03) by supplementation with annual or perennial peanut hay. Compared with the control, N intake, digestibility, and retention were increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation with legume hay or soybean meal. Responses were greatest when annual or perennial peanut hays were fed. Ruminal ammonia concentration was increased (P < 0.01) by all legume hay supplements vs. the control. Microbial N synthesis and ruminally degraded OM were increased (P = 0.03) by perennial and annual peanut hay supplementation, but efficiency of microbial synthesis was not different (P = 0.52) among diets. Unlike other supplements, annual and perennial peanut hays increased DM and N intake and digestibility and improved microbial N synthesis; therefore, they were the best supplements for the bahiagrass hay under the conditions of this study.
Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with lettuce and other leaf crops have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. Contaminated manure and ...polluted irrigation water are probable vehicles for the pathogen in many outbreaks. In this study, the occurrence and persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil fertilized with contaminated poultry or bovine manure composts or treated with contaminated irrigation water and on lettuce and parsley grown on these soils under natural environmental conditions was determined. Twenty-five plots, each 1.8 by 4.6 m, were used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but treated with contaminated water) and five replication plots for each treatment. Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen concentrations were 10(7) CFU/g of compost and 10(5) CFU/ml of water. Contaminated compost was applied to soil in the field as a strip at 4.5 metric tons per hectare on the day before lettuce and parsley seedlings were transplanted in late October 2002. Contaminated irrigation water was applied only once on the plants as a treatment in five plots for each crop at the rate of 2 liters per plot 3 weeks after the seedlings were transplanted. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 154 to 217 days in soils amended with contaminated composts and was detected on lettuce and parsley for up to 77 and 177 days, respectively, after seedlings were planted. Very little difference was observed in E. coli O157:H7 persistence based on compost type alone. E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer (by >60 days) in soil covered with parsley plants than in soil from lettuce plots, which were bare after lettuce was harvested. In all cases, E. coli O157:H7 in soil, regardless of source or crop type, persisted for >5 months after application of contaminated compost or irrigation water.
Mucuna pruriens seeds have relatively high crude protein (CP) concentrations, but little is known about their potential to replace commonly used CP supplements in ruminant rations. The aim of this ...experiment was to determine effects of replacing soybean meal (SB) with Mucuna on the performance of lambs. Forty Rambouillet lambs (33.2±5.73kg) fed a basal diet of maize grain, cottonseed hulls and urea were randomly assigned to one of four supplements formulated by substituting 0 (SB), 330 (Lo), 670 (Med) or 1000g/kg (Hi) of soybean meal with rolled Mucuna seeds. Lambs were housed individually in metabolic crates and allowed ad libitum access to isocaloric (metabolizable energy=11.7MJ/kg dry matter, DM) and isonitrogenous (CP=146g/kg, DM) diets for 14d of adaptation and 7d of total fecal collection. Fecal egg counts and coccidian oocyst scores were determined on d 14. Dry matter intake (1.7kg/d versus 1.5kg/d; P<0.05), CP digestibility (774g/kg versus 714g/kg DM; P<0.05) and N retention (28.0g/d versus 20.4g/d; P<0.01) were higher and amylase-pretreated neutral detergent fiber digestibility (617g/kg versus 686g/kg DM) was lower (P<0.05) in sheep fed SB versus Mucuna diets. However, supplementary protein source did not affect rumen pH, blood urea N or glucose concentration, or fecal egg counts. Increasing the level of Mucuna supplementation increased (P<0.05) level and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, ruminal fluid acidity, total volatile fatty acid concentration, decreased (P<0.05) coccidian oocyst scores, and tended (P<0.10) to increase N retention. Therefore, SB is a better supplement than Mucuna to support performance of lambs. Nevertheless, Mucuna seeds are a promising CP supplement for situations where cost or availability precludes use of SB in ruminant rations.
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