The purpose of this study was to create an automated surveillance tool for reporting the incidence, prevalence and processes of care for patients with heart failure.
Previous epidemiologic studies ...suggest that the increasing prevalence of heart failure is a consequence of improved survival coupled with minimal changes in disease prevention. Developing new, efficient methods of assessing the incidence and prevalence of heart failure could allow continued surveillance of these rates during an era of rapidly changing treatments and health care delivery patterns.
Using administrative data sets, we created a definition of heart failure using diagnosis codes. After adjustment for patients leaving our health system or death, we derived the incidence, prevalence and mortality of the population with heart failure from 1989 to 1999.
A total of 29,686 patients of all ages, 52.6% women and 47.4% men, met the definition of heart failure. Mean ages were 71.1 ± 14.5 for women and 67.7 ± 14.4 for men, p < 0.0001. Race proportions were 50.5% white, 44.6% African American and 4.9% other race. Incidence rates were higher in men and African Americans across all age groups. There was an annual increase in prevalence of 1/1,000 for women and 0.9/1,000 for men, p = 0.001 for both trends.
Through the feasible and valid use of automated data, we have confirmed a chronic disease epidemic of heart failure manifested primarily by an increase in prevalence over the past decade. Our surveillance system mirrors the results of epidemiologic studies and may be a valid method for monitoring the impact of prevention and treatment programs.
BACKGROUND: Among patients with heart failure, there is controversy about whether there are clinical features and laboratory tests that can differentiate patients who have low ejection fractions from ...those with normal ejection fractions. The usefulness of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors among heart failure patients who have normal left ventricular ejection fractions is also not known.
METHODS: From a registry of 2,906 unselected consecutive patients with heart failure who were admitted to 10 acute-care community hospitals during 1995 and 1997, we identified 1291 who had a quantitative measurement of their left ventricular ejection fraction. Patients were separated into three groups based on ejection fraction: ≤0.39 (n = 741, 57%), 0.40 to 0.49 (n = 238, 18%), and ≥0.50 (n = 312, 24%). In-hospital mortality, prescription of ACE inhibitors at discharge, subsequent rehospitalization, quality of life, and survival were measured; survivors were observed for at least 6 months after hospitalization.
RESULTS: The mean (± SD) age of the sample was 75 ± 11 years; the majority (55%) of patients were women. In multivariate models, age >75 years, female sex, weight >72.7 kg, and a valvular etiology for heart failure were associated with an increased probability of having an ejection fraction ≥0.50; a prior history of heart failure, an ischemic or idiopathic cause of heart failure, and radiographic cardiomegaly were associated with a lower probability of having an ejection fraction ≥0.50. Total mortality was lower in patients with an ejection fraction ≥0.50 than in those with an ejection fraction ≤0.39 (odds ratio OR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.49 to 0.98,
P = 0.04). Among hospital survivors with an ejection fraction of 0.40 to 0.49, the 65% who were prescribed ACE inhibitors at discharge had better mean adjusted quality-of-life scores (7.0 versus 6.2,
P = 0.02), and lower adjusted mortality (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.70,
P = 0.01) during follow-up than those who were not prescribed ACE inhibitors. Among hospital survivors with an ejection fraction ≥0.50, the 45% who were prescribed ACE inhibitors at discharge had better (lower) adjusted New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (2.1 versus 2.4,
P = 0.04) although there was no significant improvement in survival.
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients treated for heart failure in community hospitals, 42% of those whose ejection fraction was measured had a relatively normal systolic function (ejection fraction ≥0.40). The clinical characteristics and mortality of these patients differed from those in patients with low ejection fractions. Among the patients with ejection fractions ≥0.40, the prescription of ACE inhibitors at discharge was associated favorable effects.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to develop a convenient and inexpensive method for identifying an individual’s risk for hospital readmission for congestive heart failure (CHF) using ...information derived exclusively from administrative data sources and available at the time of an index hospital discharge.
BACKGROUND
Rates of readmission are high after hospitalization for CHF. The significant determinants of rehospitalization are debated.
METHODS
Administrative information on all 1995 hospital discharges in New York State which were assigned International Classification of Diseases–9–Clinical Modification codes indicative of CHF in the principal diagnosis position were obtained. The following were compared among hospital survivors who did and did not experience readmission: demographics, comorbid illness, hospital type and location, processes of care, length of stay and hospital charges.
RESULTS
A total of 42,731 black or white patients were identified. The subgroup of 9,112 patients (21.3%) who were readmitted were distinguished by a greater proportion of blacks, a higher prevalence of Medicare and Medicaid insurance, more comorbid illnesses and the use of telemetry monitoring during their index hospitalization. Patients treated at rural hospitals, those discharged to skilled nursing facilities and those having echocardiograms or cardiac catheterization were less likely to be readmitted. Using multiple regression methods, a simple methodology was devised that segregated patients into low, intermediate and high risk for readmission.
CONCLUSIONS
Patient characteristics, hospital features, processes of care and clinical outcomes may be used to estimate the risk of hospital readmission for CHF. However, some of the variation in rehospitalization risk remains unexplained and may be the result of discretionary behavior by physicians and patients.
The management of heart failure is characterized by high rates of hospital admission as well as rehospitalization after inpatient treatment of this disorder, whereas skillful medical care may reduce ...the risk of hospital admission. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between income (as a measure of socioeconomic status) and the frequency of hospital readmission among a large and diverse group of persons treated for heart failure. We analyzed administrative discharge data from 236 nonfederal acute-care hospitals in New York State, involving 41,776 African-American or Caucasian hospital survivors with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for heart failure in the principal diagnosis position between January 1 and December 31, 1995. Household income was derived from postal ZIP codes and census data. We found that patients residing in lower income neighborhoods were more often women or African-Americans, had more comorbid illness, had higher use of Medicaid insurance, and were more often admitted to rural hospitals. There was a stepwise decrease in the crude frequency of readmission from the lowest quartile of income (23.2%) to the highest (20.0%) (p <0.0001 for Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend across all quartiles; p <0.0001 for comparison between quartiles 1 and 4). After adjustment for baseline differences and process of care, income remained a significant predictor, with an increase in the risk of readmission noted in association with lower levels of income (adjusted odds ratio for quartile 1:4 comparison, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.26, p <0.0001). We conclude that lower income patients hospitalized for treatment of heart failure in New York differ from higher income patients in important clinical and demographic comparisons. Even after adjustment for these fundamental differences and other potential confounding factors, lower income is a positive predictor of readmission risk.
To evaluate the impact of comprehensive, multidisciplinary management programs on the process of care, resource utilization, health care costs, and clinical outcomes in patients with congestive heart ...failure.
A MEDLINE search identified seven english-language reports that compared the process of care, clinical outcomes, or economic variables related to implementation of a multidisciplinary congestive heart failure management program of at least 3 month's duration to a control or reference group. The primary intent of the programs was to emphasize compliance with recommended therapeutic principles, enhance patient education, and provide careful patient surveillance. Five of the studies reported improved functional status, aerobic capacity, or patient satisfaction. Six of the studies reported a 50% to 85% reduction in the risk of hospital admission. Three studies reported economic analyses with suggestive but not compelling evidence of financial benefit.
Comprehensive, multidisciplinary management programs for congestive heart failure can improve functional status and reduce the risk of hospital admission, and they may lower medical costs.
To determine the frequency of left ventricular (LV) thrombi by echocardiography and to define the predictors of LV thrombus and subsequent thromboembolism.
Retrospective case-control design.
Single ...tertiary care center.
Twenty-eight patients with LV thrombus in a consecutive series of 144 patients with severe LV dysfunction and follow-up period for a mean of 27.6 months.
Thirty-five clinical and echocardiographic variables were evaluated. The mean age of patients with (n = 28) vs patients without (n = 116) LV thrombus was 50.3 ± 11.0 years vs 54.2 ± 11.1 years (p = 0.09), with 22 patients (78.6%) and 78 patients (67.2%) being male (p = 0.24), respectively. The mean ejection fraction (EF) for those with vs those without LV thrombus was 17.5 ± 5.5 vs 20.0 ± 6.9 (p = 0.08), with 16 patients (57.1%) and 42 patients (36.2%) having an EF < 20% (p = 0.04), respectively. The groups were similar with respect to other baseline characteristics, comorbid illnesses, and drug therapies other than anticoagulants. All 28 patients with LV thrombus (100%) and 54 of those without LV thrombus (46.6%) were treated with warfarin. Ischemic etiology of the cardiomyopathy (odds ratio, 4.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.51 to 15.11; p = 0.008) and increased LV internal diastolic dimension (LVIDD; odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.18; p = 0.004) were found to be independent predictors of thrombus formation. Peripheral embolism occurred in 5 patients (17.9%) vs 13 patients (11.2%) of those with and without LV thrombi, respectively (p = 0.35). Ischemic etiology of the cardiomyopathy (odds ratio, 3.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 12.64; p = 0.03) and EF (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.00; p = 0.04) were found to be independent predictors of systemic embolization. The patients with an embolic event suffered a significantly higher mortality (7 of 18 patients; 38.9%) during the follow-up period when compared to those without an embolic event (13 of 126 patients; 10.3%; p < 0.0001).
We conclude that ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated LV chamber sizes (LVIDD > 60 mm) are independently associated with LV thrombi. A peripheral embolic event is related to poor long-term survival in this patient group.
Abstract—Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) Lp(a) and the presence of small isoforms of apolipoprotein(a) apo(a) have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in whites but not in African ...Americans. Because of marked race/ethnicity differences in the distribution of Lp(a) levels across apo(a) sizes, we tested the hypothesis that apo(a) isoform size determines the association between Lp(a) and CAD. We related Lp(a) levels, apo(a) isoforms, and the levels of Lp(a) associated with different apo(a) isoforms to the presence of CAD (≥50% stenosis) in 576 white and African American men and women. Only in white men were Lp(a) levels significantly higher among patients with CAD than in those without CAD (28.4 versus 16.5 mg/dL, respectively;P =0.004), and only in this group was the presence of small apo(a) isoforms (<22 kringle 4 repeats) associated with CAD (P =0.043). Elevated Lp(a) levels (≥30 mg/dL) were found in 26% of whites and 68% of African Americans, and of those, 80% of whites but only 26% of African Americans had a small apo(a) isoform. Elevated Lp(a) levels with small apo(a) isoforms were significantly associated with CAD (P <0.01) in African American and white men but not in women. This association remained significant after adjusting for age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. We conclude that elevated levels of Lp(a) with small apo(a) isoforms independently predict risk for CAD in African American and white men. Our study, by determining the predictive power of Lp(a) levels combined with apo(a) isoform size, provides an explanation for the apparent lack of association of either measure alone with CAD in African Americans. Furthermore, our results suggest that small apo(a) size confers atherogenicity to Lp(a).
Race and gender are important determinants of certain clinical outcomes in cardiovascular disease. To examine the influence of race and gender on care process, resource use, and hospital-based case ...outcomes for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), we obtained administrative records on all 1995 New York State hospital discharges assigned ICD-9-CM codes indicative of this diagnosis. The following were compared among black and white women and men: demographics, comorbid illness, care processes, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, mortality rate, and CHF readmission rate. We identified 45,894 patients (black women, 4,750; black men, 3,370; white women, 21,165; white men, 16,609). Blacks underwent noninvasive cardiac procedures more often than whites; procedure and specialty use rates were lower among women than among men. After adjusting for other patient characteristics and hospital type and location, we found race to be an important determinant of LOS (black, 10.4 days; white, 9.3 days; p = 0.0001), hospital charges (black, $13,711; white, $11,074; p = 0.0001), mortality (black-to-white odds ratio = 0.832; p = 0.003), and readmission (black-to-white odds ratio = 1.301; p = 0.0001). Gender was an important determinant of LOS (women, 9.8 days; men, 9.2 days; p = 0.0001), hospital charges (women, $11,690; men, $11,348; p = 0.02), and mortality (women-to-men odds ratio = 0.878; p = 0.0008). We conclude that race and gender influence care process and hospital-based case outcomes for patients with CHF.
Patient and hospital characteristics influence the use of invasive cardiac procedures. Whether socioeconomic status (SES) has an influence that is independent of these other determinants is unclear. ...The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of household income as a measure of SES on the use of invasive cardiac procedures among a large group of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
We analyzed administrative discharge data from 231 nonfederal acute care hospitals in New York State that involved 28 698 black or white inpatients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 410.XX in the principal diagnosis position between January 1 and December 31, 1995. Household income was derived from postal ZIP codes and census data. The use of cardiac catheterization, PTCA, CABG, and any revascularization procedure was examined across groups stratified by income. Patients who resided in lower-income neighborhoods were more often female or black, had a higher prevalence of coexistent illness, had a higher use of Medicaid insurance, and were less often admitted to urban hospitals or hospitals that provide on-site CABG and PTCA. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for catheterization, PTCA, CABG, and any revascularization procedure were related to income in a graded fashion. After adjustment, patients in the highest quintile of income were 22% more likely to undergo catheterization, 74% more likely to undergo PTCA, 48% more likely to undergo CABG, and 76% more likely to undergo any revascularization procedure than were patients in the lowest quintile. The difference in cardiac catheterization did not fully account for income-based differences in revascularization, because income remained a significant determinant of revascularization after accounting for whether a catheterization was performed. Even among patients treated in hospitals that provide on-site CABG and PTCA, income was a significant determinant of procedures.
Lower-income patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction are more often female or black, have more coexisting illnesses, and are less often admitted to urban hospitals or hospitals that provide CABG and PTCA. Even after adjustment for these and other factors, lower income is a negative predictor of procedure use.
PURPOSE: Most of the recent information on the prognosis of patients with heart failure has come from large clinical trials or tertiary care centers. This study reports current information from a ...community hospital-based heart failure registry.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We compiled data from 2,906 unselected consecutive patients with heart failure who were admitted to 10 acute care community hospitals in New York State between 1995 and 1997. Patients were followed prospectively for 6 months after hospital discharge or until their death.
RESULTS: The mean (± SD) age of the sample was 76 ± 11 years. The majority of the patients were women (56%) and most were white (95%). Hospital length of stay averaged 7.4 ± 7.6 days; hospital charges averaged $7,460 ± $6,114. Mortality during the index admission was 5%. Among the 2,508 patients for whom mortality or follow-up data were available, an additional 411 died during follow-up, for a cumulative 6-month mortality of 23%. Progressive pump failure was the predominant cause of death in the hospital and after discharge. Although mean functional class (on a 1 to 4 scale) improved from 3.4 ± 0.7 at hospital admission to 2.3 ± 0.9 at 1 month after discharge, 43% of patients had at least one hospital readmission during follow-up and 25% had at least one recurrent admission for heart failure. The mean time from index discharge to first rehospitalization was 60 ± 56 days. In all, 55% of patients (1,370 of 2,508) were rehospitalized or died during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in the management of heart failure, patients recently hospitalized for this disorder remain at high risk of death, hospital readmission, and poor clinical outcome. Discovery or implementation of new or existing methods of prevention and treatment remain a high priority.
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