Individuals' perceptions of their own level of cognitive ability are expressed through self-estimates. They play an important role in a person's self-concept because they facilitate an understanding ...of how one's own abilities relate to those of others. People evaluate their own and other persons' abilities all the time, but self-estimates are also used in formal settings, such as, for instance, career counseling. We examine the relationship between self-estimated and psychometrically measured cognitive ability by conducting a random-effects, multilevel meta-analysis including a total of 154 effect sizes reported in 41 published studies. Moderator variables are specified in a mixed-effects model both at the level of the individual effect size and at the study level. The overall relationship is estimated at r = 0.33. There is significant heterogeneity at both levels (i.e., the true effect sizes vary within and between studies), and the results of the moderator analysis show that the validity of self-estimates is especially enhanced when relative scales with clearly specified comparison groups are used and when numerical ability is assessed rather than general cognitive ability. The assessment of less frequently considered dimensions of cognitive ability (e.g., reasoning speed) significantly decreases the magnitude of the relationship. From a theoretical perspective, Festinger's (1954) theory of social comparison and Lecky's (1945) theory of self-consistency receive empirical support. For practitioners, the assessment of self-estimates appears to provide diagnostic information about a person's self-concept that goes beyond a simple "test-and-tell" approach. This information is potentially relevant for career counselors, personnel recruiters, and teachers. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures, and 7 footnotes.)
In this Review article pioneering work and recent achievements in the emerging research area of on‐surface chemistry is discussed. On‐surface chemistry, sometimes also called two‐dimensional ...chemistry, shows great potential for bottom‐up preparation of defined nanostructures. In contrast to traditional organic synthesis, where reactions are generally conducted in well‐defined reaction flasks in solution, on‐surface chemistry is performed in the cavity of a scanning probe microscope on a metal crystal under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The metal first acts as a platform for self‐assembly of the organic building blocks and in many cases it also acts as a catalyst for the given chemical transformation. Products and hence success of the reaction are directly analyzed by scanning probe microscopy. This Review provides a general overview of this chemistry highlighting advantages and disadvantages as compared to traditional reaction setups. The second part of the Review then focuses on reactions that have been successfully conducted as on‐surface processes. On‐surface Ullmann and Glaser couplings are addressed. In addition, cyclodehydrogenation reactions and cycloadditions are discussed and reactions involving the carbonyl functionality are highlighted. Finally, the first examples of sequential on‐surface chemistry are considered in which two different functionalities are chemoselectively addressed. The Review gives an overview for experts working in the area but also offers a starting point to non‐experts to enter into this exciting new interdisciplinary research field.
React and watch! On‐surface chemistry has great potential for preparation of defined nanostructures on metal surfaces. When it is performed in the cavity of a scanning probe microscope on a metal crystal under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, the metal first acts as a platform for self‐assembly of the organic building blocks and in many cases it also acts as a catalyst for the given chemical transformation. Products and hence success of the reaction can be directly analyzed by scanning probe microscopy. This Review gives an overview of the achievements of this emerging research area.
The initial phase of the inspiral process of a binary system producing gravitational waves can be described by perturbation theory. At the third post-Minkowskian order a two-loop double box graph, ...known as H-graph contributes. We consider the case where the two objects making up the binary system have equal masses. We express all master integrals related to the equal-mass H-graph up to weight four in terms of multiple polylogarithms. We provide a numerical program which evaluates all master integrals up to weight four in the physical regions with arbitrary precision.
Surgical adhesions are bands of scar tissues that abnormally conjoin organ surfaces. Adhesions are a major cause of post-operative and dialysis-related complications, yet their patho-mechanism ...remains elusive, and prevention agents in clinical trials have thus far failed to achieve efficacy. Here, we uncover the adhesion initiation mechanism by coating beads with human mesothelial cells that normally line organ surfaces, and viewing them under adhesion stimuli. We document expansive membrane protrusions from mesothelia that tether beads with massive accompanying adherence forces. Membrane protrusions precede matrix deposition, and can transmit adhesion stimuli to healthy surfaces. We identify cytoskeletal effectors and calcium signaling as molecular triggers that initiate surgical adhesions. A single, localized dose targeting these early germinal events completely prevented adhesions in a preclinical mouse model, and in human assays. Our findings classifies the adhesion pathology as originating from mesothelial membrane bridges and offer a radically new therapeutic approach to treat adhesions.
Enjoyment is one of the most important factors for the maintenance of regular physical activity. The present study investigated if cooperative games in physical education classes (grades 6-9) can ...increase students' enjoyment of physical activity. Data were collected in a quasi-experimental study employing a two-group design with repeated measures and randomization of classes to conditions. The total sample consisted of N = 285 students from regular schools in Germany aged 10 to 16 years (Mage = 12.67 years, SD = 1.10; 48.4% female). We found that cooperative games led to a higher perceived enjoyment in physical education classes (F(1) = 3.49, p = .063, ηp2 = .012), increased the feeling of how strong students felt related to each other (F(1) = 4.38, p = .037, ηp2 = .016), and facilitated feelings of perceived competence in physical education class (F(1) = 6.31, p = .013, ηp2 = .022). In addition, social relatedness and perceived competence partly mediated the effect of cooperative games on enjoyment. The findings indicate that systematically designed cooperative games can help foster enjoyment in physical education classes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Internal organs heal injuries with new connective tissue, but the cellular and molecular events of this process remain obscure. By tagging extracellular matrix around the mesothelium lining in mouse ...peritoneum, liver and cecum, here we show that preexisting matrix was transferred across organs into wounds in various injury models. Using proteomics, genetic lineage-tracing and selective injury in juxtaposed organs, we found that the tissue of origin for the transferred matrix likely dictated the scarring or regeneration of the healing tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic and chemical screens indicated that the preexisting matrix was transferred by neutrophils dependent on the HSF-integrin AM/B2-kindlin3 cascade. Pharmacologic inhibition of this axis prevented matrix transfer and the formation of peritoneal adhesions. Matrix transfer was thus an early event of wound repair and provides a therapeutic window to dampen scaring across a range of conditions.
As part of a multi-study project, this test-retest study seeks to identify the relations between studying abroad and a sojourner's personality as measured by the Big Five personality traits. It ...thereby attempts to answer the questions of who chooses to study abroad and how study abroad changes personality. A total of 221 students from a German university were tracked over the course of a semester, with the Big Five being obtained via a German version of the Big Five Inventory (Lang, Lüdtke, & Asendorpf, 2001) both at the beginning and at the end. The share of 93 students who studied abroad were found to rate higher in agreeableness and openness prior to the international experience than their fellow students who did not sojourn. In turn, sojourning evoked increases in both extraversion and agreeableness and a decrease in neuroticism. Upon inclusion of interaction terms of initial Big Five levels and study abroad status, positive main effects of study abroad and negative interaction effects for both agreeableness and conscientiousness could be observed.
•High levels of agreeableness and openness predict studying abroad.•Studying abroad increases levels of extraversion and agreeableness.•Studying abroad decreases levels of neuroticism.•Initial levels moderate the effect of studying abroad on agreeableness and conscientiousness.•Studying abroad also increases levels of conscientiousness when considering these interactions.
IL-1 family members are central mediators of host defense. In this article, we show that the novel IL-1 family member IL-36γ was expressed during experimental colitis and human inflammatory bowel ...disease. Germ-free mice failed to induce IL-36γ in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced damage, suggesting that gut microbiota are involved in its induction. Surprisingly, IL-36R-deficient (Il1rl2(-/-)) mice exhibited defective recovery following DSS-induced damage and impaired closure of colonic mucosal biopsy wounds, which coincided with impaired neutrophil accumulation in the wound bed. Failure of Il1rl2(-/-) mice to recover from DSS-induced damage was associated with a profound reduction in IL-22 expression, particularly by colonic neutrophils. Defective recovery of Il1rl2(-/-) mice could be rescued by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, which was sufficient to restore IL-22 expression and promote full recovery from DSS-induced damage. These findings implicate the IL-36/IL-36R axis in the resolution of intestinal mucosal wounds.
Purpose
Despite primary conservative therapy for Crohn’s disease, a considerable proportion of patients ultimately needs to undergo surgery. Presumably, due to the increased use of biologics, the ...number of surgeries might have decreased. This study aimed to delineate current case numbers and trends in surgery in the era of biological therapy for Crohn’s disease.
Methods
Nationwide standardized hospital discharge data (diagnosis-related groups statistics) from 2010 to 2017 were used. All patients who were admitted as inpatient Crohn’s disease cases in Germany were included. Time-related development of admission numbers, rate of surgery, morbidity, and mortality of inpatient Crohn’s disease cases were analyzed.
Results
A total number of 201,165 Crohn’s disease cases were included. Within the analyzed time period, the total number of hospital admissions increased by 10.6% (
n
= 23,301 vs. 26,069). While gender and age distribution remained comparable, patients with comorbidities such as stenosis formation (2010: 10.1%, 2017: 13.4%) or malnutrition (2010: 0.8%, 2017: 3.2%) were increasingly admitted. The total number of all analyzed operations for Crohn’s disease increased by 7.5% (2010:
n
= 1567; 2017:
n
= 1694). On average, 6.8 ± 0.2% of all inpatient patients received ileocolonic resections. Procedures have increasingly been performed minimally invasive (2010:
n
= 353; 2017:
n
= 687). The number of postoperative complications remained low.
Conclusion
Despite the development of novel immunotherapeutics, the number of patients requiring surgery for Crohn’s disease remains stable. Interestingly, patients have been increasingly hospitalized with stenosis and malnutrition. The trend towards more minimally invasive operations has not relevantly changed the rate of overall complications.
A bstract We compute the one-loop corrections to gg → $$t\overline{t }H$$ up to order $$\mathcal{O}\left({\epsilon }^{2}\right)$$ in the dimensional-regularization parameter. We apply the projector ...method to compute polarized amplitudes, which generalize massless helicity amplitudes to the massive case. We employ a semi-numerical strategy to evaluate the scattering amplitudes. We express the form factors through scalar integrals analytically, and obtain separately integration by parts reduction identities in compact form. We integrate numerically the corresponding master integrals with an enhanced implementation of the Auxiliary Mass Flow algorithm. Using a numerical fit method, we concatenate the analytic and the numeric results to obtain fast and reliable evaluation of the scattering amplitude. This approach improves numerical stability and evaluation time. Our results are implemented in the Mathematica package TTH.
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