In sub-Saharan Africa, diabetes is a growing burden, yet little is known about its prevalence, risk factors, and complications. To address these gaps and help inform public health efforts aimed at ...prevention and treatment, we conducted a community-based study assessing diabetes epidemiology.
We conducted a stratified, cluster-designed, serial cross-sectional household study from 2014-2015 in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. We used a three-stage cluster probability sampling method to randomly select individuals. To estimate prevalence, we screened individuals for glucose impairment, including diabetes, using hemoglobin A1C. We also screened for hypertension and obesity, and to assess for potential complications, individuals with diabetes were assessed for retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. We enrolled 481 adults from 346 urban and rural households. The prevalence of glucose impairment was 21.7% (95% CI 15.2-29.8), which included diabetes (5.7%; 95% CI 3.37-9.47) and glucose impairment with increased risk for diabetes (16.0%; 95% CI 10.2-24.0). Overweight or obesity status had an independent prevalence risk ratio for glucose impairment (2.16; 95% CI 1.39-3.36). Diabetes awareness was low (35.6%), and few individuals with diabetes were receiving biomedical treatment (33.3%). Diabetes-associated complications were common (50.2%; 95% CI 33.7-66.7), including renal (12.0%; 95% CI 4.7-27.3), ophthalmic (49.6%; 95% CI 28.6-70.7), and neurological (28.8%; 95% CI 8.0-65.1) abnormalities.
In a northern region of Tanzania, diabetes is an under-recognized health condition, despite the fact that many people either have diabetes or are at increased risk for developing diabetes. Most individuals were undiagnosed or untreated, and the prevalence of diabetes-associated complications was high. Public health efforts in this region will need to focus on reducing modifiable risk factors, which appear to include obesity, as well as early detection that includes increasing awareness. These findings highlight a growing urgency of diabetes prevention in this region as well as the need for treatment, including management of complications.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Yearly azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) plays a central role in efforts to eliminate ...blinding trachoma as a public health problem. Programmatic decision-making is currently based on the prevalence of the clinical sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) in children. We sought to test alternative tools for trachoma surveillance based on serology in the 12-year cohort of Kahe Mpya, Rombo District, Tanzania, where ocular chlamydial infection was eliminated with azithromycin MDA by 2005.
The present study was a community-based cross-sectional survey in Kahe Mpya. Of 989 residents, 571 people aged 6 months to 87 years were enrolled: 58% of the total population and 73% of 1-9 year olds, the key WHO indicator age group. Participants were examined for TF, had conjunctival swabs collected for nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)-based detection of Ct, and blood collected for analysis of antibodies to the Ct antigens pgp3 and CT694 by multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Seroconversion rate was used to estimate changes in the force of infection in a reversible catalytic model. No conjunctival swabs tested positive for Ct infection by NAAT. Among 1-9 year olds, TF prevalence was 6.5%, whereas only 3.5% were seropositive. Force of infection modelling indicated a 10-fold decrease in seroconversion rate at a time corresponding to MDA commencement. Without baseline serological data, the inferences we can make about antibody status before MDA and the longevity of the antibody response are limited, though our use of catalytic modelling overcomes some of these limitations.
Serologic tests support NAAT findings of very low to zero prevalence of ocular Ct in this community and have potential to provide objective measures of transmission and useful surveillance tools for trachoma elimination programs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
IntroductionGlobally, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness. Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to see the largest proportionate increase in the number of people living with diabetes ...over the next two decades. Screening for DR is recommended to prevent sight loss; however, in many low and middle-income countries, because of a lack of specialist eye care staff, current screening services for DR are not optimal. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for DR screening, which automates the grading of retinal photographs and provides a point-of-screening result, offers an innovative potential solution to improve DR screening in Tanzania.Methods and analysisWe will test the hypothesis that AI-supported DR screening increases the proportion of persons with true referable DR who attend the central ophthalmology clinic following referral after screening in a single-masked, parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial. Participants (2364) will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to either AI-supported or the standard of care DR screening pathway. Participants allocated to the AI-supported screening pathway will receive their result followed by point-of-screening counselling immediately after retinal image capture. Participants in the standard of care arm will receive their result and counselling by phone once the retinal images have been graded in the usual way (typically after 2–4 weeks). The primary outcome is the proportion of persons with true referable DR attending the central ophthalmology clinic within 8 weeks of screening. Secondary outcomes, by trial arm, include the proportion of persons attending the central ophthalmology clinic out of all those referred, sensitivity and specificity, number of false positive referrals, acceptability and fidelity of AI-supported screening.Ethics and disseminationThe London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Tanzanian National Institute of Medical Research ethics committees have approved the trial. The results will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication.Trial registration numberISRCTN18317152.
The XEN
gel stent reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma. XEN
-45 is widely used; the newer XEN
-63 has a larger lumen targeting potentially lower IOP outcomes. We retrospectively compared ...the first 15 XEN
-63 cases to 15 matched XEN
-45 controls. With a preoperative IOP of 18.1 ± 3.9 mmHg (mean ± SD) and a final IOP of 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, XEN
-63 implantation resulted in an IOP reduction of 44.6 ± 16.5%. Similarly, with a preoperative IOP of 18.3 ± 4.5 mmHg and a final IOP of 10.3 ± 2.1 mmHg, XEN
-45 implantation resulted in an IOP reduction of 40.1 ± 17.2%. The median follow-up period was 204 days (range 78-338 days) for the XEN
-63 group and 386 days (range 99-1688 days) for the XEN
-45 group. In total, 5/15 eyes of each group underwent open conjunctival bleb revision within the period of observation. Three eyes of the XEN
-63 group had secondary glaucoma surgery. One eye in the XEN
-63 group and three eyes in the XEN
-45 group required a restart of antiglaucomatous medication. In conclusion, both stents effectively lower IOP and medication. XEN
-63 achieved a slightly lower IOP over a short follow-up. Complication and revision rates were similar.
Glaucoma is a major cause of sight loss worldwide, with the highest regional prevalence and incidence reported in Africa. The most common low-cost treatment used to control glaucoma is long-term ...timolol eye drops. However, low adherence is a major challenge. We aimed to investigate whether selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) was superior to timolol eye drops for controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma.
We did a two-arm, parallel-group, single-masked randomised controlled trial at the Eye Department of Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. Eligible participants (aged ≥18 years) had open-angle glaucoma and an IOP above 21 mm Hg, and did not have asthma or a history of glaucoma surgery or laser. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 0·5% timolol eye drops to administer twice daily or to receive SLT. The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes from both groups with treatment success, defined as an IOP below or equal to target pressure according to glaucoma severity, at 12 months following randomisation. Re-explanation of eye drop application or a repeat SLT was permitted once. The primary analysis was by modified intention-to-treat, excluding participants lost to follow-up, using logistic regression; generalised estimating equations were used to adjust for the correlation between eyes. This trial was registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, number PACTR201508001235339.
840 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 201 (24%) participants (382 eligible eyes) were enrolled between Aug 31, 2015, and May 12, 2017. 100 (50%) participants (191 eyes) were randomly assigned to the timolol group and 101 (50%; 191 eyes) to the SLT group. After 1 year, 339 (89%) of 382 eyes were analysed. Treatment was successful in 55 (31%) of 176 eyes in the timolol group (16 29% of 55 eyes required repeat administration counselling) and in 99 (61%) of 163 eyes in the SLT group (33 33% of 99 eyes required repeat SLT; odds ratio 3·37 95% CI 1·96–5·80; p<0·0001). Adverse events (mostly unrelated to ocular events) occurred in ten (10%) participants in the timolol group and in eight (8%) participants in the SLT group (p=0·61).
SLT was superior to timolol eye drops for managing patients with open-angle high-pressure glaucoma for 1 year in Tanzania. SLT has the potential to transform the management of glaucoma in sub-Saharan Africa, even where the prevalence of advanced glaucoma is high.
Christian Blind Mission, Seeing is Believing Innovation Fund, and the Wellcome Trust.
For the Kiswahili, French and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
To describe the referral patterns of children with primary childhood glaucoma (PCG) or secondary childhood glaucoma (SCG) and their presenting symptoms in Northern Tanzania.
A retrospective ...observational study of children <17y with PCG or SCG who were referred to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) Eye Department between 2000 and 2013 was conducted. Presenting symptoms, age at presentation, place of origin, distance to hospital, type of glaucoma, visual acuity, optic disc appearance (vertical cup-to-disc ratio) and type of referral were described.
Seventy patients with PCG and 27 patients with SCG were included in the study. Median age at first presentation was 1y in the PCG group (range 0-16y) and 9y in the SCG group (range 1-15y). In both groups around 87% of the children presented already with low vision (logMAR>0.48, better eye). Most of the children (60%) and their caretakers presented on their own initiative, while 24% were sent by different general health cadres and 16% by eye care professionals. Buphthalmos was the main symptom mentioned as a trigger for presentation.
The study shows that most of the children presented late resulting in advanced stages of glaucoma at the time of initiation of treatment. The majority attended the referral eye department on their own initiative with buphthalmos being the most commonly described symptom. Awareness creation among caretakers of children, general health and eye care providers, ideally embedded in general child health promotion activities, is needed to increase and accelerate referrals.
Background. The Arclight ophthalmoscope is a low-cost alternative to standard direct ophthalmoscopes. This study compared the Arclight ophthalmoscope with the Heine K180 direct ophthalmoscope to ...evaluate its reliability in assessing the vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR) and its ease of use (EOU). Methods. Eight medical students used both the Arclight and the Heine ophthalmoscopes to examine the optic disc in 9 subjects. An EOU score was provided after every examination (a higher score indicating that the ophthalmoscope is easier to use). A consultant ophthalmologist provided the reference standard VCDR. Results. 288 examinations were performed. The number of examinations that yielded an estimation of the VCDR was significantly higher for the Arclight ophthalmoscope (125/144, 85%) compared to the Heine ophthalmoscope (88/144, 61%) ( p < 0.001 ). The mean difference from the reference standard VCDR was similar for both instruments, with a mean of −0.078 (95% CI: −0.10 to −0.056) for the Arclight and −0.072 (95% CI: −0.097 to −0.046) for Heine ( p = 0.69 ). The overall EOU score was significantly higher for the Arclight ophthalmoscope ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. The Arclight ophthalmoscope performs as well as, and is easier to use than, a standard direct ophthalmoscope, suggesting it is a reliable, low-cost alternative.
Glaucoma causes irreversible visual loss and must be detected as early as possible. It is therefore vital that all health care professionals are aware of glaucoma when they encounter patients who are ...most at risk. This includes people who are over 40 years of age and those who have first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or grown-up children) with glaucoma. People are also at higher risk if they wear spectacles for distance vision, if they have had an eye injury in the past, and if they complain about a gradual loss of vision. There is no single test which can detect glaucoma; the key is to perform a basic eye assessment and to combine all findings to identify people who would benefit from a more comprehensive examination. In some clinics, particularly at primary level, there is often only limited equipment available. However, by conducting the basic eye assessment described in this article, it will be possible to pick up important clues that suggest a patient is at high risk of glaucoma.
The glaucomas are a group of progressive optic neuropathies associated with characteristic structural changes at the optic nerve head (cupping) and corresponding visual field defects. The main ...modifiable risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The aims of assessment are:accurate diagnosisidentification of the cause of increased IOP, if applicablequantification of the level of glaucoma damage and functional impairment.
PDF
