Lexical synecdoche in Croatian Piskovic, Tatjana
Suvremena lingvistika,
01/2023, Letnik:
49, Številka:
96
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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The three key mechanisms in deriving the secondary meaning of polysemous lexemes are lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. Considering that lexical synecdoche has not received ...much attention so far, this paper will explore its role in creating the polysemous structure of Croatian lexemes. In this paper, lexical synecdoche is viewed as a predictable mechanism with several reversible transfers in its core: part for whole and whole for part, general for individual and individual for general, singular for plural and plural for singular, species for genus and genus for species. The formulas of these transfers are at the same time notations for conceptual metonymies which we consider the starting point for the creativity of lexical synecdoches. We do so because the metonymy and the synecdoche operate within a single conceptual domain, where one entity stands for another on the basis of their spatial, temporal, functional or causal relation. This common relation is why the synecdoche is usually considered a subcategory of metonymy. On the other hand, the metonymy and the synecdoche can be seen as separate lexical mechanisms because they are motivated by different types of relations between entities involved in the transfer. While the metonymic transfer is based on the closeness of entities in conceptual proximity as parts of the same domain, the transfer in synecdoche occurs between the domain itself and its integral part and turns from proximity to inclusion.
Corpus extracts from Croatian womenʼs magazines from the first half of the 20th century illustrate how the ideologies of language and gender were introduced into Croatian newspaper discourse. Special ...attention is given to those texts in which language is presented as a gendered phenomenon, meaning that the authors insist on the idea that men and women speak different languages, and that male and female language behavior serves as a symbolic confirmation of male and female characteristics, their gender roles and the nature of their mutual relations. Questioning the relationship between the ideologies of language and gender, the ideology of biologism as well as the ideologies of religion, family and nation will help explore the seductiveness of texts dealing with language ideologies. Th is seductiveness is the consequence of the claim that all problems and misunderstandings between men and women arise from their different approaches to verbal communication.
In animistic speculative theories about the origin of grammatical gender, which are formed in the 18th century by J. G. Herder and J. Ch. Adelung, grammatical gender is interpreted as the result of ...manʼs efforts to make the world around them individualized, personified, animate and sexualized. In the 19th century, Jacob Grimm develops that idea, arguing that grammatical gender is an imaginational reflection and an extension of the natural gender. Moreover, Grimm perpetuates and canonizes that problematic thesis in his grammar of German language. There are a number of grammarians of English language that explain the gender of nouns for inanimate by analogy to the numerous stereotypes about male and female physical characteristics and sexual behavior. While Croatian grammariansʼ interpretation of the grammatical category of gender has never been so profane, Croatian lexicographers enrolled many gender prejudices in their definitions of nouns for women. Based on the lexicographic definition of nouns for women and men, the paper will point out how the Croatian dictionaries produce, perpetuate and authorize gender stereotypes.
Agreement patterns imply that there is a stable relationship between the grammatical morphemes on the controllers (i.e. on the words marked for gender that determine or trigger the agreement) and on ...their targets (i.e. on the words for which gender is an inflectional category the form of which is determined by the agreement). The choice of the agreement pattern in the Croatian language is mainly influenced by the grammatical categories of the controllers (gender, number and person), but sometimes also by other factors (word order, semantic animacy) which are not reflected in the words as directly as categories and which are usually referred to as agreement conditions. Their influence is especially important in the non-canonical domains where a choice between two agreement patterns exists. Word-order as an agreement condition in the Croatian language is usually related to the issue of whether the controller precedes the target (Bijes i ljutnja obuzeli su ga čim je čuo lošu vijest) or the target precedes the controller (Čim je čuo lošu vijest, obuzeli su ga bijes i ljutnja/Čim je čuo lošu vijest, obuzeo ga je bijes i ljutnja) and whether this change causes a vacillation between the two agreement patterns. This paper will adduce the most frequent cases in which word-order has an effect on the choice of agreement patterns with special regard to the interaction of word-order and another important agreement condition in the Croatian language – the semantic animacy. The idea of whether the controller designates something animate or something inanimate often influences the choice of the target in domains where there is a choice between the syntactic and the semantic agreement pattern. The impact of these two agreement conditions can be summed up in the assertion that the choice of the semantic agreement pattern is facilitated by the controllers which refer to something animate and precede their target. All the findings will be supported by the results of a survey questionnaire with which we sought to examine the assumption that the communicative status of the semantic and the syntactic agreement is somewhat different from their descriptions in grammar books.
This issue of Suvremena lingvistika is the first Croatian publication dedicated entirely to the domain of language and gender that has so far been eluded, either because of refraining from its ...provocative nature, prejudice about the triviality of the subject matter, or insufficient insight into relevant recent research within this domain. The contributions in this issue are diverse in their topics, which lends itself to creating an international forum in order to articulate many avenues of research into language and gender.
The three key mechanisms in deriving the secondary meaning of polysemous lexemes are lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. Considering that lexical synecdoche has not received ...much attention so far, this paper will explore its role in creating the polysemous structure of Croatian lexemes. In this paper, lexical synecdoche is viewed as a predictable mechanism with several reversible transfers in its core: PART FOR WHOLE and WHOLE FOR PART, GENERAL FOR INDIVIDUAL and INDIVIDUAL FOR GENERAL, SINGULAR FOR PLURAL and PLURAL FOR SINGULAR, SPECIES FOR GENUS and GENUS FOR SPECIES. The formulas of these transfers are at the same time notations for conceptual metonymies which we consider the starting point for the creativity of lexical synecdoches. We do so because the metonymy and the synecdoche operate within a single conceptual domain, where one entity stands for another on the basis of their spatial, temporal, functional or causal relation. This common relation is why the synecdoche is usually considered a subcategory of metonymy. On the other hand, the metonymy and the synecdoche can be seen as separate lexical mechanisms because they are motivated by different types of relations between entities involved in the transfer. While the metonymic transfer is based on the closeness of entities in conceptual proximity as parts of the same domain, the transfer in synecdoche occurs between the domain itself and its integral part and turns from proximity to inclusion. Tri mehanizma kljucna za izvodenje sekundarnih znacenja polisemnih leksema jesu leksicka metafora, leksicka metonimija i leksicka sinegdoha. Buduci da je leksicka sinegdoha zasad dobila najmanje istrazivacke pozornosti, u ovom cemo radu ukazati na njezinu ulogu u oblikovanju polisemne strukture hrvatskih leksema. Leksicku cemo sinegdohu opisati kao predvidljiv jezicni mehanizam cije se funkcioniranje nacelno moze svesti na nekoliko reverzibilnih transfera: DIO ZA CJELINU i CJELINA ZA DIO, OPCE ZA POJEDINACNO i POJEDINACNO ZA OPCE, SINGULAR ZA PLURAL i PLURAL ZA SINGULAR, JEDINKA ZA VRSTU i VRSTA ZA JEDINKU. Formule navedenih transfera ujedno su zapisi pojmovnih metonimija koje smatramo kognitivnim ishodistem sinegdoske leksicke kreativnosti. Cinimo to zato sto i metonimija i sinegdoha operiraju unutar jedne pojmovne domene gdje jedan entitet zastupa drugi entitet na temelju prostorne, vremenske, funkcionalne ili uzrocno-posljedicne povezanosti. To im je zajednicko i zbog toga se sinegdoha obicno drzi podvrstom metonimije. S druge strane metonimija i sinegdoha imaju status zasebnih leksickih mehanizama jer ih motiviraju razlicite vrste odnosa izmedu entiteta zahvacenih transferom. Dok metonimijski transferi proizlaze iz bliskosti entiteta koji obitavaju u pojmovnom susjedstvu kao dijelovi iste domene, sinegdoski se transferi odvijaju izmedu same domene i njezina sastavnog dijela te nadrastaju bliskost i prelaze u inkluziju. Keywords: lexical synecdoche, polysemy, mechanisms of polysemy, metonymy, metonymic formulas, Croatian Kljucne rijeci: leksicka sinegdoha, polisemija, mehanizmi polisemije, metonimija, metonimijske formule, hrvatski jezik
This paper contains short descriptions and reviews of two topics that the psycholinguistic and ethnolinguistic interest in grammatical gender is based upon. First, we will show the results of an ...experiment (survey) where native speakers were offered imaginary nouns, and then asked to insert gender changeable modifiers. Second, we will present another peripheral phenomenon of gender fluctuation which is taking place in the semantic core itself, the defeminization of married and unmarried women. This can be seen in some dialects in southern Poland and in Kajkavian idioms in some regions of Hrvatsko zagorje. Both issues can be considered examples of (linguistic) culturemes. Adapted from the source document
Korpusom ekscerptiranim iz hrvatskih zenskih casopisa prve polovice 20. stoljeca ilustriraju se zaceci jezicnih rodnih ideologija u hrvatskome novinskom diskursu. Posebna se pozornost posvecuje ...tekstovima u kojima se jezik predstavlja kao rodni fenomen, sto znaci da se insistira na ideji da muskarci i zene govore razlicitim jezicima, a prikazi muskoga i zenskoga jezicnog ponasanja funkcioniraju kao simbolicne potvrde muskih i zenskih osobina i rodnih uloga te prirode njihovih medusobnih odnosa. Propitivanjem odnosa izmedu jezicnih rodnih ideologija i ideologije biologizma te ideologije vjere, obitelji i nacije nastoji se ukazati na zavodljivost jezicnoideoloskih tekstova koja je posljedica tvrdnje da svi problemi i nesporazumi izmedu muskaraca i zena proizlaze iz njihova razlicitoga pristupa verbalnoj komunikaciji.
The Linguistic Purism of Jozo Dujmusic Piskovic, Tatjana
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
01/2008, Letnik:
34, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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The following paper will try to present & contextualize Jozo Dujmusic's linguistic contributions to the preservation of the Croatian language in the first half of the 20th century. Works on ...linguistic purism may be classified according to Thomas's categorization of puristic activity (1991). Dujmusic's "Antibarbarus hrvatskoga jezika" is one of the most interesting & also one of the most extensive studies in the field of linguistic purism. The work is quite compelling, not only because of its obscurity in linguistic circles, but also due to the fact that during the Vukovian & anti-Vukovian opposition, Dujmusic had been an advocate of the weaker, anti-Vukovian party. Ever since, there has been no scientific response to Dujmusic's work -- his linguistic contributions are yet to be represented & evaluated. Adapted from the source document
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