Calbindin (CB) is a calcium binding protein playing a role in calcium uptake and anti-apoptotic cellular protection. The expression of CB was immunohistochemically studied in the small intestine of ...normal and red bean kidney lectin-treated suckling piglets. In the duodenum and jejunum (but not ileum) of lectin-treated animals overexpression of CB was noted in chromogranin A-immunoreactive (CgA-IR) neuroendocrine (NE) cells. In both control and experimental group a small population of CB-IR NE cells exhibited the presence of somatostatin (but not serotonin, histamine or CRF). After the lectin treatment, an increased (however not statistically significant) immunoreactivity to CB was found in a small subpopulation of neurons of outer submucous (but not inner submucous and myenteric) plexus. It is suggested that there is a functional interaction between lectin administration and CB-expression in the porcine small intestine. Future studies will be needed to clarify this processes.
Este documento profundiza en el rol y cualidades asociadas a la mujer en el cine deportivo de la primera década del siglo XXI, objeto de estudio poco habitual en el campo de la investigación ...cinematográfica. Para ello, se determinó una muestra compuesta por 74 películas, seleccionadas a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas y mediante un diseño de investigación de tipo descriptivo, siendo el análisis de contenido el instrumento elegido para llevarlo a cabo. Los resultados mostraron que se reflejaba con fidelidad el modelo deportivo imperante en la actualidad, así como el canon moderno que se atribuye al sexo femenino, lo cual debería cuestionar el modelo que se muestra y perpetúa en este tipo de producciones.
The aggressiveness of four Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from wild and cultivated potato species (sect. Petota) and the level of resistance of nine Petota species were assessed in the ...highland tropics of Ecuador. For this, isolates of P. infestans were inoculated on whole plants of Petota species in the field and net house and six epidemiological components - infection frequency (IF), incubation period (IP), latent period (LP), lesion size (LS), lesion growth rate (LGR), and relative area under the lesion expansion curve (RAULEC) - were measured during a single infection cycle. Additionally, host specificity was determined by testing for a significant host by pathogen interaction using the same components. The results showed significant differences among isolates of the EC-1 clonal lineage for IP, IF, and RAULEC. Significant differences among isolates were not found for the other components measured. There were significant differences in resistance among the accessions of Petota hosts tested. RAULEC, LGR, LP, and LS were in general more adequate in differentiating among the more resistant and more susceptible accessions but the importance of each component varied with host species. There was slight and inconsistent evidence for the existence of host specificity in some isolates of Petota hosts. IP was the only component for which a significant host by isolate interaction was observed and in most cases the isolates had the greatest aggressiveness on their hosts of origin.
Behavioral changes during pancreatic enzyme therapy have never been studied. The present study investigated behavioral changes in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) pigs when their feed was ...supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin. A crossover design study was used to test the effect of enzyme supplementation in 2 x 4 EPI pigs that underwent pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). After 40 d of adaptation, the study commenced, comprising 2 control and 2 enzyme feeding periods of 10 d each in sequence. On days 7 and 10 of each experimental period, behavior was monitored for 24 h and feed consumption and BW were recorded. Behavioral observations focused on the pigs' activity--lying down or passive, or sitting, or standing or active--and were expressed as percentage activity for 24 h. During the adaptation period, BW gain was completely inhibited after PDL whereas for the entire study period, the body weight increased from 10.5 ± 1.1 to 14.0 < 1.4 kg (P < 0.01). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs were more active when fed the enzymes (21 vs. 18% per 24 h; P < 0.01). Microbial enzyme supplementation not only improved the growth of the EPI pigs but it also increased their activity. This behavior change contradicts the generally accepted norm that satiety evokes by digestion and subsequent nutrients absorption reduces human or animal motility. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pigs grow less due to different disturbances in feed digestion, absorption, and retention. Use of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin in pigs may ...improve feed use and performance in slow-growing pigs. The aim was to study gut recovery and effectiveness of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin supplementation on pig performance. Six male pigs 10 to 12 kg BW underwent pancreatic duct ligation surgery to induce total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Three cannulas to access the gastrointestinal tract content were installed in stomach, duodenum, and ileum in EPI pigs and in 3 control (healthy) pigs. One month after surgery, enzymes were given before feeding and digesta samples were collected for analyses. The BW of EPI pigs did not increase during 1 mo following surgery (11.7 vs. 11.6 kg BW); however, BW increased after 1 wk of enzyme supplementation (12.1 kg BW). Coefficient of fat and N absorption increased (P < 0.05) in EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase, lipase, and protease in chyme samples of EPI pigs was very low compared to controls. In EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation, amylase activity increased from 5.32 to 72.9 units/mL but remained lower than that of healthy pigs (162.7 units/mL). Lipase activity increased from 79.1 to 421.6 units/mL, which was similar to that of controls (507.3 units/mL). Proteolytic activity increased from 7.8 to 69.7 units/mL but still did not reach control pigs (164.3 units/mL). In conclusion, exogenous microbial enzymes mimic endogenous pancreatic enzymes being recovered along the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes might be a useful tool to stimulate growth of slower-growing pigs after the weaning period. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The major pests and diseases were identified and quantified on thirteen potato landraces and three bred varieties cultivated in Peru. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was the primary biotic ...constraint affecting plants before flowering with an average severity of 24%. No other pathogens caused severe foliar disease, but black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) was relatively common on tubers of some genotypes with incidence ranging from 4.30 to 33.33%. The viruses most generally considered important in potato seed degeneration, PVY and PLRV, were extremely rare, with 1.11 and 0.12 % incidence, respectively. Other viruses considered mild, such as PVX and PVS, were more common, with incidence of 28.23 and 22.29 %, respectively. Potato flea beetle (Epitrix spp.), potato leaf beetle (Diabrotica spp.) and Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spp.) were common, with incidence of 28.14, 18.75 and 13.61%, respectively. Potato landraces known as Ishkupuru, Lengua de vaca, Chaulina, Chaulina Tajacaja and Negro cayash were identified as potentially resistant to P. infestans.
Modification in mucosa structure can be used to evaluate intestinal function during the development. Our study aimed to compare the postnatal gut mucosa structure in Polish landrace/Pietrain (PP) and ...Duroc/Hampshire/wild boar (DHW) crossbreed piglets using scanning electron microscopy. Small intestinal mucosa showed a number of changes characteristic for PP and DHW pigs involving the modification of villi shape, disappearance of transversal furrows, formation of extrusion zones and presence of apoptotic cell packets.
LATEBLIGHT, a mathematical model that simulates the effects of weather, host growth and resistance, and fungicide use on asexual development and growth of Phytophthora infestans on potato foliage, ...was modified so that it can be used in the Andes and, eventually, worldwide. The modifications included (i) the incorporation of improved equations for the effect of temperature on lesion growth rate (LGR) and sporulation rate (SR); (ii) the incorporation of temperature-dependent latent period (LP); and (iii) the use of experimentally measured parameters of LGR, SR, and LP for specific potato cultivars and pathogen lineages. The model was parameterized for three Peruvian potato cultivars (Tomasa, Yungay, and Amarilis) infected with isolates of a new clonal lineage of P. infestans that is currently predominant in Ecuador and Peru (EC-1).
Dietary bioactive substances involving taurine,
l-carnitine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids and antioxidants were shown to control the perinatal development in mammals. A blend of bioactive ...substances was used to supplement the diet of sows according to the optimal needs of their offspring. Our study aimed to examine the development of gastrointestinal tract in their offspring as compared to the offspring from control sows fed with standard diet. The supplemented diet was given from the gestation day 80 until the end of lactation period. One piglet from each litter was sacrificed on postnatal days 1 (i.e., unsuckling neonates), 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 for tissue sampling. At birth, the stomach relative weight was larger in the supplemented group, and the small intestine relative weight was smaller as compared to control. These differences disappeared within 1–4 postnatal days. The stomach weight was larger at postnatal day 28 in the supplemented group as compared to control. Gastric protein content and the proteolytic activity in the offspring of the supplemented sows showed after birth a tendency to increase as compared to control, though the differences disappeared after the fourth postnatal day. In conclusion, the supplementation of sow diet with dietary bioactive substances affected primarily the prenatal development of the stomach and small intestine in their offspring.
Este trabajo busca analizar las actitudes del profesorado de Educación Física hacia la igualdad de género y comparar las diferencias actitudinales entre ambos sexos. Se emplea una metodología tipo ...encuesta en la que participan 526 docentes de Educación Física. Los datos se obtienen aplicando la Escala School Doing Gender/teacher (SDG/t), compuesta por 30 ítems separados en tres subescalas. La mayoría de docentes estudiados adoptan una actitud adaptativa hacia los cambios relacionados con el género, y encontramos diferencias en las actitudes de este profesorado en función del género, obteniendo las profesoras puntuaciones más altas que los hombres. Necesitamos mejorar la formación en materia de igualdad con el objeto de concienciar más al profesorado y aumentar el conocimiento de los docentes, especialmente en el caso de los hombres.
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