Organisms are constantly exposed to microbial pathogens in their environments. When a pathogen meets its host, a series of intricate intracellular interactions shape the outcome of the infection. The ...understanding of these host–pathogen interactions is crucial for the development of treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases. Over the past decade, proteomic approaches have become prime contributors to the discovery and understanding of host–pathogen interactions that represent anti‐ and pro‐pathogenic cellular responses. Here, we review these proteomic methods and their application to studying viral and bacterial intracellular pathogens. We examine approaches for defining spatial and temporal host–pathogen protein interactions upon infection of a host cell. Further expanding the understanding of proteome organization during an infection, we discuss methods that characterize the regulation of host and pathogen proteomes through alterations in protein abundance, localization, and post‐translational modifications. Finally, we highlight bioinformatic tools available for analyzing such proteomic datasets, as well as novel strategies for integrating proteomics with other omic tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to obtain a systems‐level understanding of infectious diseases.
This Review discusses the application of proteomics approaches to the analysis of host–pathogen interactions, including anti‐ and pro‐pathogenic cellular responses. It also highlights integrative omics methods for obtaining a systems‐level understanding of infectious diseases.
The presence of several grouped settlements in the Early Empire in the mid-altitude mountains of the civitas of the Arverni, up to 1250 m asl raises the question of their specificities compared with ...lowland sites. The renewal of archaeological data on the Beauclair/ Fines, Blot-l’Église, Allanche and Landeyrat sites, through operations carried out over the past ten years, has shed new light on the issue of mountain settlements. After presenting the sites and summarizing the latest findings, we carry out the first steps of an analysis on the morphology and the monumentalization of these settlements and show the traces of their economic activities. The development is based on both ancient and recent archaeological observations, with a dialectical and comprehensive perspective between the lowlands and uplands.
La présence de plusieurs habitats groupés du Haut-Empire dans la moyenne montagne de la cité des Arvernes, jusqu’à 1250 m d’altitude, pose la question de leurs spécificités par rapport aux sites de plaine. Le renouvellement des données archéologiques sur les sites de Beauclair/ Fines, Blot-l’Église, Allanche et Landeyrat, grâce à des opérations réalisées depuis une dizaine d’années, permet d’apporter un éclairage nouveau à la problématique des agglomérations en montagne. Après avoir présenté les sites et résumé les derniers résultats obtenus, l’objectif de la contribution est de proposer les prémices d’une analyse portant sur la morphologie et la monumentalisation de ces établissements, puis d’exposer les indices des activités économiques qui y étaient pratiquées. Le développement se fonde sur les observations archéologiques anciennes et récentes dans la perspective d’un discours global et dialectique entre plaine et montagne.
Calbris Maxime,Baret Florian,Delhoofs Hervé,Ganne Pierre M. Spécificités de l’habitat groupé du Haut-Empire dans la moyenne montagne arverne : nouveaux apports et réflexions à partir d’études de cas (Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal). In: Aquitania : une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie, tome 37, 2021. Tracer la route. Journée d’étude du 27 février 2020 à Bordeaux. pp. 251-265.
La sélection et la multiplication des semences font l’objet d’activités expérientielles et expérimentales depuis des siècles. Paysans, aristocrates, moines, chamans, prêtres et, plus tard, ...scientifiques et entreprises semencières, s’y sont attelés. La période suivant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale marque, pour une large proportion du système agricole mondial, le passage de l’agriculture domestique à la modernisation agricole aux visées productivistes Bonneuil et Thomas 2009. Les semences devie...
Although conspiracy theories are endorsed by about half the population and occasionally turn out to be true, they are more typically false beliefs that, by definition, have a paranoid theme. ...Consequently, psychological research to date has focused on determining whether there are traits that account for belief in conspiracy theories (BCT) within a deficit model. Alternatively, a two-component, socio-epistemic model of BCT is proposed that seeks to account for the ubiquity of conspiracy theories, their variance along a continuum, and the inconsistency of research findings likening them to psychopathology. Within this model, epistemic mistrust is the core component underlying conspiracist ideation that manifests as the rejection of authoritative information, focuses the specificity of conspiracy theory beliefs, and can sometimes be understood as a sociocultural response to breaches of trust, inequities of power, and existing racial prejudices. Once voices of authority are negated due to mistrust, the resulting epistemic vacuum can send individuals “down the rabbit hole” looking for answers where they are vulnerable to the biased processing of information and misinformation within an increasingly “post-truth” world. The two-component, socio-epistemic model of BCT argues for mitigation strategies that address both mistrust and misinformation processing, with interventions for individuals, institutions of authority, and society as a whole.
Peroxisome Plasticity at the Virus–Host Interface Cook, Katelyn C.; Moreno, Jorge A.; Jean Beltran, Pierre M. ...
Trends in microbiology (Regular ed.),
11/2019, Letnik:
27, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles with roles in cellular metabolism, cytotoxicity, and signaling. The plastic nature of these organelles allows them to respond to diverse biological ...processes, such as virus infections, by remodeling their biogenesis, morphology, and composition to enhance specific functions. During virus infections in humans, peroxisomes act as important immune signaling organelles, aiding the host by orchestrating antiviral signaling. However, more recently it was discovered that peroxisomes can also benefit the virus, facilitating virus–host interactions that rewire peroxisomes to support cellular processes for virus replication and spread. Here, we describe recent studies that uncovered this double-edged character of peroxisomes during infection, highlighting mechanisms that viruses have coevolved to take advantage of peroxisome plasticity. We also provide a perspective for future studies by comparing the established roles of peroxisomes in plant infections and discussing the promise of virology studies as a venue to reveal the uncharted biology of peroxisomes.
The peroxisome has emerged as a multifunctional organelle with the capacity to act at the interface between host defense and virus replication.Nearly a decade ago, the antiviral protein MAVS was found to localize to the peroxisome, marking peroxisome-mediated immune signaling as a critical component of host defense. In response, viruses have acquired mechanisms for suppressing peroxisome signaling.Virus-induced rewiring of peroxisome function revealed that peroxisomes also have proviral functions via lipid synthesis necessary for enveloped viruses.The opposing peroxisome functions are temporally regulated, acting in immune response early in infection and facilitating virus assembly at later stages.Peroxisome numbers and morphology are finely tuned in tandem with peroxisomal functions during infection, providing a powerful example of a link between shape and function.
The organelles within a eukaryotic host are manipulated by viruses to support successful virus replication and spread of infection, yet the global impact of viral infection on host organelles is ...poorly understood. Integrating microscopy, subcellular fractionation, mass spectrometry, and functional analyses, we conducted a cell-wide study of organelles in primary fibroblasts throughout the time course of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. We used label-free and isobaric-labeling proteomics to characterize nearly 4,000 host and 100 viral proteins, then classified their specific subcellular locations over time using machine learning. We observed a global reorganization of proteins across the secretory pathway, plasma membrane, and mitochondria, including reorganization and processing of lysosomal proteins into distinct subpopulations and translocations of individual proteins between organelles at specific time points. We also demonstrate that MYO18A, an unconventional myosin that translocates from the plasma membrane to the viral assembly complex, is necessary for efficient HCMV replication. This study provides a comprehensive resource for understanding host and virus biology during HCMV pathogenesis.
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•Cell-wide study of organelles throughout the time course of a viral infection•Defining organelle shape, motility, density, and composition during HCMV infection•Temporal subcellular localizations of nearly 4,000 host and 100 viral proteins•The unconventional myosin MYO18A is translocated for effective virus production
Jean Beltran et al. provide a systems-level view of organelle remodeling in space and time throughout the progression of a viral infection. Microscopy, proteomics, bioinformatics, and molecular virology assays define the subcellular localization and temporal profiles of nearly 4,000 host organelle and 100 viral proteins, demonstrating the extensive impact of human cytomegalovirus on cellular organization.
The plant endosphere contains a diverse group of microbial communities. There is general consensus that these microbial communities make significant contributions to plant health. Both recently ...adopted genomic approaches and classical microbiology techniques continue to develop the science of plant-microbe interactions. Endophytes are microbial symbionts residing within the plant for the majority of their life cycle without any detrimental impact to the host plant. The use of these natural symbionts offers an opportunity to maximize crop productivity while reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. Endophytes promote plant growth through nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, nutrient acquisition, and by conferring tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Colonization by endophytes is crucial for providing these benefits to the host plant. Endophytic colonization refers to the entry, growth and multiplication of endophyte populations within the host plant. Lately, plant microbiome research has gained considerable attention but the mechanism allowing plants to recruit endophytes is largely unknown. This review summarizes currently available knowledge about endophytic colonization by bacteria in various plant species, and specifically discusses the colonization of maize plants by
endophytes.
Organic electronics are broadly anticipated to impact the development of flexible thin-film device technologies. Among these, solution-processable π-conjugated polymers and small molecules are ...proving particularly promising in field-effect transistors and bulk heterojunction solar cells. This Perspective analyzes some of the most exciting strategies recently suggested in the design and structural organization of π-functional materials for transistor and solar cell applications. Emphasis is placed on the interplay between molecular structure, self-assembling properties, nanoscale and mesoscale ordering, and device efficiency parameters. A critical look at the various approaches used to optimize both materials and device performance is provided to assist in the identification of new directions and further advances.
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