The use of coatings in eggs: A systematic review Gabriela da Silva Pires, Paula; Daniela da Silva Pires, Patricia; Cardinal, Kátia Maria ...
Trends in Food Science & Technology,
December 2020, 2020-12-00, 20201201, Letnik:
106
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Eggs are a staple food in the human diet and are consumed globally. However, eggs are perishable products and decline in quality if not handled and stored correctly. The use of coatings is one of the ...technologies that has been developed to extend the shelf life of eggs. Results indicated positive effects of the coatings used in preserving the egg quality.
The related studies on the use of egg coatings by databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo on a global scale (between 1957 and 2020) were retrieved. In this regard, out of 740 explored articles in the identification stage, 52 studies were used in the systematic review.
Several alternative coatings from different countries were recapped in this study. A brief outline of published scientific evidence demonstrates that the use of coatings on eggs stored at room temperature improves shelf-life. The overall rank order considering the type of coating was lipids (35%) > polysaccharides (33%) > proteins (25%) > combinations (7%). Among the countries researched, United States was ranked as the first in establishing investigations. The results of this study summarize the most frequent coating types used in eggs and provide a roadmap for future research regarding egg conservation.
•A first-of-its-kind systematic review of eggs coatings is presented.•Eggs coatings were methodically analyzed for the first time.•Reviewed research originated from: Asia, North and South America, Africa, and Europa.•Most used coatings can be ranked as: lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and mixes.•Coated eggs studied were superior in terms of quality and shelf life.
Several methods have been published to estimate per capita predation rates from molecular gut content analysis relying on intuitive understanding of predation, but none have been formally derived. We ...provide a theoretical framework for estimating predation rates to identify an accurate method and lay bare its assumptions. Per capita predation can be estimated by multiplying the prey decay rate and the prey quantity in the predators. This assumes that variation in per capita predation rate is approximately normally distributed, prey decay occurs exponentially, and predation is in steady state. We described several ways to estimate steady state predation, including using only qualitative presence‐absence data to estimate the decay rate and in addition, we provided a method for estimating per capita predation rate when predation is not in steady state. We used previously published data on aphid consumption by a ladybird beetle in a feeding trial to calculate the predation rate and compare published methods with this theoretically derived method. The estimated predation rate (3.29 ± 0.27 aphids/h) using our derived method was not significantly different from the actual predation rate, 3.11 aphids/h. In contrast, previously published methods were less accurate, underestimating the predation rate (0.33 ± 0.02 to 1.66 ± 0.8 aphids/h) or overestimating it (3.64 ± 0.30 aphids/h). In summary, we provide methods to estimate predation rates even when variation in predation rates is not exactly normally distributed and not in steady state and demonstrate that the prey decay rate, and not the prey detection period, is required.
History of Construction Cultures Volume 1 contains papers presented at the 7ICCH – Seventh International Congress on Construction History, held at the Lisbon School of Architecture, Portugal, from 12 ...to 16 July, 2021. The conference has been organized by the Lisbon School of Architecture (FAUL), NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, the Portuguese Society for Construction History Studies and the University of the Azores. The contributions cover the wide interdisciplinary spectrum of Construction History and consist on the most recent advances in theory and practical case studies analysis, following themes such as: - epistemological issues; - building actors; - building materials; - building machines, tools and equipment; - construction processes; - building services and techniques ; -structural theory and analysis ; - political, social and economic aspects; - knowledge transfer and cultural translation of construction cultures. Furthermore, papers presented at thematic sessions aim at covering important problematics, historical periods and different regions of the globe, opening new directions for Construction History research. We are what we build and how we build; thus, the study of Construction History is now more than ever at the centre of current debates as to the shape of a sustainable future for humankind. Therefore, History of Construction Cultures is a critical and indispensable work to expand our understanding of the ways in which everyday building activities have been perceived and experienced in different cultures, from ancient times to our century and all over the world.
Volume 2 of History of Construction Cultures contains papers presented at the 7ICCH – Seventh International Congress on Construction History, held at the Lisbon School of Architecture, Portugal, from ...12 to 16 July, 2021. The conference has been organized by the Lisbon School of Architecture (FAUL), NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, the Portuguese Society for Construction History Studies and the University of the Azores. The contributions cover the wide interdisciplinary spectrum of Construction History and consist on the most recent advances in theory and practical case studies analysis, following themes such as: - epistemological issues; - building actors; - building materials; - building machines, tools and equipment; - construction processes; - building services and techniques ; -structural theory and analysis ; - political, social and economic aspects; - knowledge transfer and cultural translation of construction cultures. Furthermore, papers presented at thematic sessions aim at covering important problematics, historical periods and different regions of the globe, opening new directions for Construction History research. We are what we build and how we build; thus, the study of Construction History is now more than ever at the centre of current debates as to the shape of a sustainable future for humankind. Therefore, History of Construction Cultures is a critical and indispensable work to expand our understanding of the ways in which everyday building activities have been perceived and experienced in different cultures, from ancient times to our century and all over the world.
Summary
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates are major protistan planktonic bacterivores. The term HNF, however, describes a functional guild only and, in contrast to the morphologically ...distinguishable ciliates, does not reflect the phylogenetic diversity of flagellates in aquatic ecosystems. Associating a function with taxonomic affiliation of key flagellate taxa is currently a major task in microbial ecology. We investigated seasonal changes in the HNF and ciliate community composition as well as taxa‐specific bacterivory in four hypertrophic freshwater lakes. Taxa‐specific catalyzed reporter deposition‐fluorescence in situ hybridization probes assigned taxonomic affiliations to 51%–96% (average ±SD, 75 ± 14%) of total HNF. Ingestion rates of fluorescently labelled bacteria unveiled that HNF contributed to total protist‐induced bacterial mortality rates more (56%) than ciliates (44%). Surprisingly, major HNF bacterivores were aplastidic cryptophytes and their Cry1 lineage, comprising on average 53% and 24% of total HNF abundance and 67% and 21% of total HNF bacterivory respectively. Kinetoplastea were important consumers of bacteria during summer phytoplankton blooms, reaching 38% of total HNF. Katablepharidacea (7.5% of total HNF) comprised mainly omnivores, with changing contributions of bacterivorous and algivorous phylotypes. Our results show that aplastidic cryptophytes, accompanied by small omnivorous ciliate genera Halteria/Pelagohalteria, are the major protistan bacterivores in hypertrophic freshwaters.
The study aimed to evaluate a commercial blend of functional oils based on liquid from the cashew nutshell and castor oil as a growth promoter in newly weaned piglets. A total of 225 piglets, ...castrated males and females with 28 days of age were randomly distributed in pens with 15 animals composing three treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were: control (without the inclusion of additives), probiotics, or functional oils. The performance was evaluated. At 50 days of age, a pool of fresh feces from 3 animals/repetition was collected to perform the sequencing of microbiota using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Supplementation with functional oils improved the piglets' daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the first weeks of the experiment, which resulted in higher final live weight (P < 0.05) in the phase when compared to the control treatment (24.34 kg and 21.55 kg, respectively). The animals that received probiotics showed an intermediate performance (23.66 kg final live weight) at the end of the 38 experimental days. Both additives were effective in increasing groups essential for intestinal health, such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. The functional oils were more effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria, such as Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the use of functional oils optimized performance and effectively modulated the microbiota of newly weaned piglets.
Objectives
To assess the effects of fluoride (F) toothpastes on the prevention of dental caries in the primary dentition of preschool children.
Study design
Systematic review and meta‐analysis.
...Methods
A search for randomized or quasi‐randomized clinical trials was carried out, without idiom restraints, in six electronic databases, registers of ongoing trials, meeting s, dentistry journals and reference lists of potentially eligible studies. The search yielded 1932 records and 159 full‐text articles were independently read by two examiners. Data regarding characteristics of participants, interventions, outcomes, length of follow‐up and potential of bias were independently extracted by two examiners on the basis of predetermined criteria. Any disagreement was solved by consensus after consulting a third examiner. Pooled prevented fractions (PF) and relative risks (RR) were estimated separately for studies testing low F toothpastes (<600 ppm) and those testing standard F toothpastes (1000–1500 ppm).
Results
Eight clinical trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and most of them compared F toothpastes associated with oral health education against no intervention. When standard F toothpastes were compared to placebo or no intervention, significant caries reduction at surface (PF = 31%; 95% CI 18–43; 2644 participants in five studies), tooth (PF = 16%; 95% CI 8–25; 2555 participants in one study) and individual (RR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.81–0.93; 2806 participants in two studies) level were observed. Low F toothpastes were effective only at surface level (PF = 40%; 95% CI 5–75; 561 participants in two studies).
Conclusion
Standard F toothpastes are effective in reducing dental caries in the primary teeth of preschool children and thus their use should be recommended to this age group.
Aim
To estimate the prevalence of self‐reported gingival bleeding in a representative sample of 12‐ to 17‐year‐old Brazilian adolescents.
Materials and Methods
Sociodemographic and oral health ...information were obtained through a self‐administered questionnaire of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents. The adolescents answered “yes” or “no” to the question “Do your gums bleed?”
Results
74,589 of the 102,327 eligible adolescents answered the questionnaire and 18.4% (95% CI 17.5–19.3) reported having bleeding gums. The prevalence of self‐reported gingival bleeding varied as following: 21.4% (95% CI 20.3–22.6) in girls and 15.3% (95% CI 14.3–16.4) in boys; 20.5% (95% CI 19.2–21.8) in older and 17.5% (95% CI 16.4–18.6) in younger adolescents; 20.6% (95% CI 18.5–22.9) in Black people and 17.1% (95% CI 16.1–18.1) in White people. Regarding mother's level of education, the prevalences were 18.1% (95% CI 16.2–20.3), 17.6% (95% CI 16.4–18.9) and 19.3% (95% CI 17.9–20.9) for high, middle and low levels, respectively. For socioeconomic status, the equivalent figures were 16.4% (95% CI 14.3–18.7), 18.4% (95% CI 17.5–19.4) and 23.0% (95% CI 17.3–29.9).
Conclusion
Nearly one in five Brazilian adolescents reported having gingival bleeding, which might not be a serious condition, but reflect the disease and the adolescents’ perception of oral health status.
Background
Dental anxiety (DA) negatively impacts oral health–related quality of life, and patients with DA usually require more dental treatment time.
Aim
To describe the global prevalence of DA in ...children and adolescents and to examine the influence of individual factors (age, sex, and caries experience) and variables related to DA measurement on pooled prevalence.
Design
Systematic review with meta‐analyses of observational studies published between 1985 and 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42014013879).
Results
Searches yielded 1207 unique records; 224 full‐text articles were screened, and 50 studies were used in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. No study was considered as having high methodological quality according to ‘The Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tool’. Overall pooled DA prevalence was 23.9% (95% CI 20.4, 27.3). Pooled prevalence in preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents was as follows: 36.5% (95% CI 23.8, 49.2), 25.8% (95% CI 19.5, 32.1), and 13.3% (95% CI 9.5, 17.0), respectively. DA was significantly more prevalent in preschool children (one study) and schoolchildren (two studies) with caries experience and in female adolescents (one study). The scale used for DA assessment was shown to influence pooled prevalence in preschoolers and adolescents.
Conclusion
DA is a frequent problem in 3‐ to 18‐year‐olds worldwide, more prevalent in schoolchildren and preschool children than in adolescents.
The World Health Organization declared a COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020, when there were 4,293 confirmed cumulative deaths. By May 17, 2020 this number increased to 315,005. The risk of death is ...higher above the age of 60, but there are many deaths below 60 (for example, in Sao Paulo, 25%). Due to the lack of a vaccine or specific treatment, there are at least three types of interventions used in the first wave of this pandemic: increased alertness and hygiene (e.g. Sweden); identification and isolation of infected people and their contacts (e.g. South Korea); lockdown (e.g. Italy). These interventions are complementary. Choices of the right mix of interventions will vary from society to society and in the same society at different times. The search for a miracle drug is dangerous because it is based on the mistaken belief that any treatment option is better than "nothing". Brazilian society will not be able to maintain lockdown for a long period. Naturally, in the near future, regardless of the advice from scientists, doctors and authorities, commerce, services and schools will reopen. In order to implement any strategy aimed to control the pandemic and preserve the economy, the country needs leadership that centralizes and coordinates actions. Unfortunately, the Brazilian government is not fulfilling this role; on the contrary, it is a hindrance. This negative leadership and lack of coordination are causing many deaths and are severely damaging the lives of survivors by delaying the resuming of economic and social activities.
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