This research article investigates the Russian equivalents of the key terms of the English language interest group politics research vocabulary in relation to the issues that their application is ...causing in research publications. The study is based on the terminological and statistical analyses of the following terms of the interest group politics: lobbying, advocacy, and interest groups and the Russian equivalents that derive from them. The article offers a detailed analysis and comparison of the essential properties of these Russian equivalents to identify the most suiting of them with an ultimate goal of harmonization of the Russian research vocabulary of the interest group politics.Terminological analysis of the study has revealed 22 closest Russian equivalents of the three English terms, including 5 Russian equivalents of the term lobbying, 9 Russian equivalents of the term advocacy, and 8 Russian equivalents of the term interest groups. Statistical analysis of the application of these 22 selected Russian equivalents studied in timeframe between 1992 and 2016 is based on the investigation of the research publication databases of the www.cyberleninka.ru website. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the most frequently used Russian equivalents of the English terms under study selected from a pool of options revealed during terminological analysis.Based on the terminological and statistical analyses of the pool of the Russian equivalents of the three key terms of the English language interest group politics research vocabulary, the author identifies the most highly recommended ones of them for application in the Russian language research publications.
Methods for improving the accuracy of reference frequency and time signals transmission using a new fiber-optic modem with phase instability compensation are presented. Algorithms for transmitting a ...1PPS pulse time signal with a synchronization error of no more than 200 ps are considered. The results of measurements of the Allan deviation during the transmission of a reference signal with a frequency of 100 MHz through a two-kilometer fiber-optic line with additional external temperature impact are presented. With the help of the developed fiber-optic line emulator, the accuracy of reference signals transmission for fiber lines up to 100 km long, as well as for various external impacts, has been estimated. A full-function device for transmitting and receiving reference frequency and time signals through a fiber-optic communication line up to 100 km long, the instability characteristics of which reach approximately 1–3·10
–17
in the daily measurement interval, has been developed.
Cytostatic activity of baicalin, baicalein, and neogalenical drug Chlorophyllipt was studied
in vitro
on HeLa-v cells. Standard samples of Eucalimin, baicalin, and baicalein, as well as ...Chlorophyllipt and paclitaxel (reference drug Taxacad) were used. The cell deaths were determined by MTT assay in a Multiskan FC microplate reader with incubator. The effective inhibition concentration (IC
50
) of the tested substances were: paclitaxel (4.0±0.4 μM)—baicalein (10.5±1.1 μM)—baicalin (16.5±1.7 μM)—sum of euglobals in Chlorophyllipt (24.1±2.5 μM). Chlorophyllipt was found to exhibit cytostatic activity. Cytostatic activity of baicalein, baicalin, and Chlorophyllipt was lower than cytostatic activity of the reference drug by 2.6, 4.1, and 6 times, respectively. The prospects of further evaluation of the synergetic effect of baicalin, baicalein, and chlorophyllipt used in combinations with different cytostatic agents for finding the most effective combination have been shown.
Introduction. One of the requirements for the quality of pharmaceuticals, including allergens, is the determination of residual organic solvents in them. In the production of allergen preparations, ...in a number of cases in the technological process, organic solvents of the third toxicity class are used, diethyl ether and acetone, which are solvents of low toxicity and their maximum content is allowed up to 0.5 % (5000 ppm). Since diethyl ether or acetone, and in some cases both solvents can be used simultaneously in the production process of allergen preparations for degreasing and cleaning, it is therefore advisable to develop and use a unified technique to determine them.Aim. The aim of the study was to develop and validate a method for the quantitative determination of residual organic solvents in allergen preparations.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out by gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector with injection of the test samples using an autosampler on a Zebron ZB-624 capillary quartz column (G43, 6 % cyanopropylphenyl / 94 % dimethylpoly siloxane).Results and discussion. The conditions for the chromatographic separation of acetone and diethyl ether on a capillary quartz column were selected. The parameters of the suitability of the chromatographic system have been determined. The developed method was validated according to the following characteristics: specificity, linearity, limit of quantitative determination, correctness and precision at the level of repeatability and intra-laboratory precision. The content of acetone and diethyl ether in 26 preparations of allergens was determined. The results of the quantitative determination of diethyl ether and acetone in allergen preparations, in the technological process of which OOP are used, are in the range of 0.0053–0.0524 % for diethyl ether and 0.0029–0.0994 % for acetone. Thus, the content of diethyl ether and acetone in all tested allergen preparations was below the established norm (less than 0.5 %).Conclusion. An analytical method has been developed for determining the quantitative content of diethyl ether and acetone in allergen preparations using the GLC method; the method has been validated according to characteristics that meet the requirements of General Pharmacopoeia Monograph 1.1.0012.15 "Validation of analytical methods". The analysis of allergen preparations was carried out in accordance with the methodology. In all preparations, the content of diethyl ether and acetone was no more than 0.5 %.
Introduction. Curcuminoids are natural polyphenolic colorants with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity. Modern hybrid and classical methods are used for the determination of curcuminoids. ...However, the problem of the analysis of curcuminoids in the composition of plant and medicinal objects remains relevant. In this work, capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) in the variant of micellar electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detection (MEKC/DAD) was used as such a method.Aim. The purpose of this analysis is the choice of optimal conditions for the separation of curcuminoids using capillary electrophoresis in the form of micellar electrokinetic chromatography.Materials and methods. Separation of curcuminoids was carried out on an Agilent 7100 CE capillary electrophoresis instrument with a diode array detector and an Agilent Chem Station monitoring and data acquisition system. Borate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.3) with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate – SDS (30 mM) in ratios of 1 : 1 was used like the electrolyte. The sample was injected hydrodynamically – 50 mbar/3 sec, electrode voltage is +25 kV, quartz capillary – total capillary length/effective capillary length = 30/40 cm, ID = 50 µm, capillary temperature +20 °С. The output of curcuminoids was monitored at the wavelength of the diode-matrix detector – λmax = 425 nm/4 nm, the refereed wavelength is 360 nm/100 nm.Results and discussion. Curcuminoids in a borate buffer solution with the addition of SDS are practically not separated, which is associated with a high activity of the electroosmotic flow, to suppress which 95 % ethyl alcohol was added. In the course of research, it was found that the addition of ethyl alcohol in an amount of 20 % relative to the buffer solution makes it possible to separate the mixture of curcuminoids.Conclusion. Thus, the conditions for the separation of the total curcuminoids by the HPCE method in the variant of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were selected. It has been established that for the separation of curcuminoids by this method, it is necessary to use an electrolyte consisting of a mixture of equal volumes of borate buffer (20 mM) and sodium dodecisulfate (30 mM) and ethyl alcohol in an amount of 20 % of the electrolyte volume. A further increase in the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the electrolyte is unreasonable, since it can adversely affect the stability of micelles.
The features of a multichannel modem that has been developed for transmission of frequency and time reference signals on a fiber-optic communication line with phase instability compensation are ...examined. Its capabilities for transmitting signals of reference frequencies of active hydrogen masers (such as the Ch1-1003M), we well as a 1 PPS signal with an error of synchronization no greater than 250 psec over 100 km without the use of optical amplifiers are assessed. The results of experimental verification of the metrological characteristics of the modem are given.
Introduction
. The creation of rational combined medicines with hepatoprotective activity is an urgent task of medicinal science. Ademetionin shows pharmacological ef-fectiveness in cytolysis, ...cholestasis, synthetic insufficiency. Silybin, in turn, is effective in cytolysis, synthetic insufficiency, mesenchymal inflammation, fibrosis and pathological regeneration. Thus, the combination of these substances covers almost the entire set of clinical and morphological syndromes of liver damage and has a wide range of effects in various liver pathologies.
Aim
. The purpose of this study was to develop a combined granular dosage form containing a thick extract of milk thistle, ademetionin and analytical support for this process.
Materials and methods
. To obtain a thick extract from the fruits of Silybum marianum L. a traditional percolation method was used in a battery of 3 diffusers. Extractant removal was performed using a rotary evaporator IR-1M3 under vacuum. For the analysis of silybin in the obtained thick extract from the fruit of S. marianum L. the method of HPLC was used. Validation evaluation of the method was performed according to generally accepted parameters.
Results and discussion
. A modular combined dosage form based on a thick extract of S. marianum L. and ademethionine was developed. Lactose was introduced as an auxiliary agent. The quality of pellets was evaluated according to generally accepted criteria. The validation parameters of the manufactured dosage form were determined using the HPLC method. Accuracy and precision were determined by the method of additives in a series of 9 experimental samples of granules. The results of determining the linearity, precision and correctness of the method for determining silybin and ademetionin in a combined model drug form showed correct results.
Conclusion
.Thus, a combined granular dosage form containing a thick extract of milk thistle, ademetionin, has been developed. Analytical support of this process using the HPLC method was performed. Validation studies of the developed methodology were carried out. The field of application of the obtained results is practical pharmacy. Further research should concern the conduct of a set of pharmacological tests.
Introduction. Seeds of Nigella sativa L. are widely known as a source of fatty oil with a very rare component-thymoquinone. The therapeutic potential of biologically active compounds of plant seeds ...covers a positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and immune systems. In addition, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, oncoprotective, immunomodulating effects were found in thymoquinone. In addition to fatty oil and thymoquinone, a number of other significant compounds are present in the seeds, which also make up their own pharmacological asset. Aim. Study was to develop a processing flow chart and analyze the lipophilic and hydrophilic components of the seeds of N. sativa L.Materials and methods. The following methods were used as analytical methods: gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector - for the analysis of sterols and triterpenes; chromatography-mass spectrometry (gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection) - for the study of essential oil; chromatography-mass spectrometry (high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection) - to study flavonoids. To obtain individual fractions of biologically active compounds of seeds of N. sativa L., fractional extraction was used.Results and discussion. The principle of this approach in this case is to extract the entire lipid complex of seeds with n-hexane, followed by removal of the extractant. The thickened hexane extract is treated with ethyl alcohol, which extracts unsaponifiable compounds - terpenes, quinones, sterols and does not dissolve triacylglycerides. The seed meal remaining after hexane extraction is treated with ethyl alcohol 70 %, into which hydrophilic molecules, in particular flavonoids, pass.Conclusion. After transesterification, 5 compounds were identified in the lipophilic fraction of saponifiable lipids, the linoleic and oleic acids being dominant. A characteristic feature of this fraction is the presence of cis-11,14-eicosadiene acid, which can act as a marker element of the fatty oil of the seeds of N. sativa L. Sterols and triterpenes were found in the unsaponifiable fraction. The major component of this fraction is β-sitosterol. In addition to the indicated sterol, campesterol and stigmasteri are present. Triterpenes are represented by cycloartenol and its derivatives. Simple phenols, quinones and monoterpenes were found in the essential oil complex, p-cymol, thymoquinone and α-thuyen predominate. The hydrophilic fraction of the seeds of N. sativa L. includes flavonoids of the methoxylated series of flavones and kempferol glycosides.
The aim
of this study was to investigate the kinetics of baicalin hydrolysis in the process of its extraction from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots.
Materials and methods
. For the studies, ...Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots with a particle range of 0.1–0.5 mm were used. The method of extraction was a simple maceration during a specified period of time, the ratio of plant raw material : extractant was 1:10 w/v at the temperature of 24±1°С. Baicalin and baicalein contents were analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) at the analytical wavelength of 275 nm. The extractant was a water solution of ethanol 26, 43, 59, 72, 81, 97±1% v/v. The time of the extraction was from 1 to 24 hours.
Results
. The experimental points of dependency of baicalin concentration in the extract on the time of extraction for ethanol solutions with a concentration of 43 and 72% v/v are closely approximated by a linear equation in coordinates lnC=f(t). The value of determination coefficient is more than R²˃0,99. Half lifetime for baicalin has been calculated: for ethanol with the concentration of 43% v/v it is 4.3±0.7 hours, and for ethanol with the concentration of 72% v/v it is 42.3±1.8 hours.
Conclusion
. Baicalin hydrolysis kinetics in the process of its extraction from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots with 43 and 72% v/v ethanol concentration. has been studied. It has been established that the process of baicalin hydrolysis is well described by the first order kinetic equation. The constants of baicalin hydrolysis during its extraction from Scutelaria baicalensis roots with ethanol having different concentrations have been calculated. Recommendations on technology optimization for baicalin or baicalein extraction from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots have been given.
Glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) is the most important low molecular weight intracellular thiol tripeptide consisting of three amino acids – glycine, cysteine and glutamic acid. In ...Russian pharmacopoeia there is no regulatory documentation for glutathione, therefore, the development of a pharmacopoeial item for the specified substance is a relevant problem.
The aim
of the article is the development of methods for determining foreign specific impurities in glutathione.
Materials and methods
. The substance of glutathione reduced (CAS 70-18-8, EC 2007254, Applichem, Germany) containing impurities, and a standard sample of reduced glutathione (Sigma Aldrich, Japan) were used as the objects of the study. The analysis was carried out by using a high-performance liquid chromatography method in the reverse phase version and a thin layer chromatography method. The chromatography using RP HPLC was performed after preliminary derivatization of glutathione and its specific impurities with dancil chloride. Specific impurities in glutathione are dipeptides and amino acids. Therefore, they, like glutathione, can react with dancil chloride. Dancil derivatives are formed, and they can be determined by chromatographic separation.
Results.
As a result of chromatography by the method of RP HPLC of derivatized dancil chloride glutathione it has been established that this reaction makes it possible to detect impurities in it. Glutathione derivatives are well separated by chromatography by implementing the method of RP HPLC and have different absorption maxima. The glutathione derivative had an absorption maximum at λ
max
=284 nm. The derivatives belonging to specific glutathione impurities absorb at λ
max
=288 nm and λ
max
=296 nm. The data obtained using RP HPLC were confirmed by TLC in the isopropanol-water (2:1) system. Three components were found out, one of which corresponds to glutathione, while two others are impurities.
Conclusion.
Methods for determining impurities in the glutathione substance using RP HPLC methods with preliminary derivatization with dancil chloride and TLC with ninhydrin detection have been worked out. A comparative analysis of the data obtained makes it possible to state that the OF-HPLC method with pre-column derivatization is more reliable, since it is more sensitive to impurities, and also makes it possible to study the UV profiles of impurity components better than the TLC method. Therefore, for the detection of impurities in the substance of glutathione, it is more preferable to use RP-HPLC with pre-column derivatization. The results of this study can be recommended for inclusion in the regulatory documentation on the substance of glutathione in the section “Impurities”.
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