This work presents a multi-channel TDC designed on a KINTEX-7 FPGA and which is used during the development phase of a new RICH photodetection system in view of a future LHCb upgrade. This ...TDC-in-FPGA core achieves a 150 ps bin width while keeping a low resource usage. It is capable of measuring time-over-threshold (ToT) and time-of-arrival (ToA) at a rate above 50 MHz. This core was embedded in a larger readout system and it was used during beam tests and in the laboratory to demonstrate the capabilities of a time-resolved readout system for compact RICH detectors.
Abstract
This work describes the architecture of a versatile system that is dedicated to the testing of various integrated circuits in radiation (e.g., ASICs, FPGAs). The system powers the device ...under test remotely. It monitors and reads out in real time various parameters, like: power consumption, voltage and current (with resolution of 100 µV and 100 µA, respectively), specific operational parameters of the device under test and its package temperature. A key feature of this system is its multi-channel and remote power supply capabilities, used to power the device under test. It embeds built-in features to detect and record single-event latch-ups, single event upsets and to monitor total ionizing dose cumulative effects. A graphical user interface allows the user to connect and to control the entire system through a dedicated ethernet interface from a safe location zone, and record to disk measurements data.
This work presents an experimental study of the proton-induced failures in the Input/Output blocks and in the associated configuration of an SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using a ...single inverter ring oscillator-configuration. The tests have been done on the KINTEX-7 FPGAs, which were exposed to a 35 MeV proton beam. The cross-sections for 3 classes of single-event effects—in an I/O user logic with a low configuration memory usage of less than 1%—have been determined to be: 2.22
−1
+1.4
⋅ 10
−11
cm
2
/device, 1.53 ⋅ 10
−11
cm
2
/device (the upper limit) and 0.97
−0.6
+1
⋅ 10
−11
cm
2
/device, respectively. The conclusions and the probable impact of the results on the end-application are presented.
Abstract
The study presented in this paper outlines the measurements
done to evaluate the performance of the second version of the
SPACIROC ASIC in ionizing radiation environments using different
...types of particle beams: ions, protons and X-rays. From ion beam
tests, the threshold linear energy transfer (LET) for SEU production
was restricted between (4.4 ± 0.4) MeV·cm
2
/mg and
(8.6 ± 0.8) MeV·cm
2
/mg. The corresponding
cross-section value for the latter is
(1.6
-1.4
+4.18
)· 10
-6
cm
2
/device — with
asymmetric errors corresponding to 95% confidence level (CL) —
and (0.5
-0.34
+0.6
)· 10
-5
cm
2
/device (CL 95%)
for a LET of 11.2 ± 1.1 MeV·cm
2
/mg. A cross-section
for high energy hadrons (HEH) above 20 MeV till about 1 GeV was
measured and we place the actual value in
0.32 ·
10
-12
cm
2
/device–6 · 10
-12
cm
2
/device
interval with a high CL of about 95%. A room-temperature annealing
process was observed and precisely measured over time, which
efficiently mitigates within few days all residual TID effects that
were induced at a very high dose rate of order of 100s rad/s. The
obtained results are extrapolated to a few accelerator and
space-based applications and we predict no major operational
impediments within the lifetime of these experiments.
Measurements of radiation effects in an antifuse FPGA Placinta, V.M.; Cojocariu, L.N.; Maciuc, F. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
October 2023, 2023-10-00, Letnik:
1055
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper presents the irradiation and the measurement analysis for a commercial antifuse Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) from Microsemi’s Axcelerator family, part number AX250. Following ...proton and X-ray beam irradiation, at very high dose rate above 1krad/s, the total ionizing dose (TID) first effects were visible around 260 krad (SiO 2), and this threshold value increases at lower radiation dose rates. We expect for most space and accelerator applications that this value will be at least several Mrads, or even that the FPGA might never reach this threshold. At very high radiation dose rates, TID-induced leakage currents were observed in the device. FPGA data were recorded continuously for more than 100 h after each irradiation with a fully operating FPGA. Quantitatively, the room-temperature annealing of the radiation-induced defects leads to a fast decrease of the device leakage current by a factor of 7 in the first 100 h after irradiation. The last measurements done after three months place the currents to within 30% to 70 % relative to the before-irradiation values in case of two tested FPGA. Several firmware configurations were used to test different logic resources and to measure single event upsets (SEUs). An upper limit of SEU logic cross-section was found to be (2.56 ± 0.51) ⋅ 10−13 cm 2/FPGA for dose rates around 1krad/s. SEU cross-section values for RAM blocks have on average a value of (3.72 ± 0.8) ⋅ 10−14 cm 2/bit. The complete list of results is given and the effects are extrapolated to a high-energy physics experiment environment — LHCb RICH at CERN.
This paper describes the prototype of a test bench used to test and evaluate the performances of switching mode power supplies designed to feed complex integrated circuits for radiation hardness ...qualification tests. The main radiation effect on which this study will be focused is the single event latch-up effect induced by a single energetic particle in a CMOS structure that leads to high current draws by the tested integrated circuit from its power supply.
The LHCb detector will be upgraded to make more efficient use of the available luminosity at the LHC in Run III and extend its potential for discovery. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors are key ...components of the LHCb detector for particle identification. In this paper we describe the setup and the results of tests in a charged particle beam, carried out to assess prototypes of the upgraded opto-electronic chain from the Multi-Anode PMT photosensor to the readout and data acquisition system.
This work includes measurements of the single event effects and cumulative effects induced in the antifuse FPGA by radiation. Several FPGAs were irradiated with 24 MeV protons and X-rays. During ...irradiations, the dose rate values were between 0.1 and 1 krad/s and the maximum value of the total ionization dose was 8 Mrad. For these dose rates, the radiation-induced leakage currents were observed in the FPGA power consumption. This induced leakage current was measured above a non-fixed threshold which depends on dose rate. At a very high dose rate of 1 krad/s, the threshold value is about 260 krad. We have also measured a very fast room-temperature annealing process. With the FPGA operating continuously after the beam exposure, the annealing process restored the core current in one FPGA from 470 mA to 60 mA in about 38 hours. During the first 3-4 months after irradiation, the core current continued the descending trend, and the relative difference with respect to the current before irradiation shrinks to 30%-50%. Using dedicated firmware, the FPGA logic resources (Flip-Flops, RAM Blocks, and I/O blocks) were monitored for single event effects. Only in the most extreme conditions tested, a low number of logic errors (3 errors) was found for a fluence of (2.5 ± 0.5) * 10 13 protons/cm 2 , hence the upper limit of the cross-section was computed to be 2.6 * 10 -13 cm 2 /DUT. The RAM resources were determined to be prone to single-event upsets, and the cross-section value was determined to be (3.72 ± 0.8) * 10 -14 cm 2 /bit. The FPGA will operate with no visible effects in a typical radiation environment from space or high-energy physics experiments. The expected dose rates for experiments are on order of 0.1 rads/s, and any effects will be mitigated through a rapid room-temperature annealing process.
The LHCb detector will be upgraded to make more efficient use of the available luminosity at the LHC in Run III and extend its potential for discovery. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors are key ...components of the LHCb detector for particle identification. In this paper we describe the setup and the results of tests in a charged particle beam, carried out to assess prototypes of the upgraded opto-electronic chain from the Multi-Anode PMT photosensor to the readout and data acquisition system.
The wireless sensor network is becoming a technology of huge interest for a wide variety of applications. Despite the technological developments of smart sensing, issues related to system ...integration, sensor miniaturization and especially low-power sensors interface circuitry design, still represent major technical challenges. This paper describes the prototype of a smart, low power, wearable system that can be used for environmental monitoring. The wearable system uses an array of sensors connected to a central processing unit with firmware for continuously monitoring. The data acquisition process has been performed via Bluetooth with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) designed within LabVIEW. This system will be also interfaced with an Android device as an alternative for ease of access and portability. This work is meant to prove basic concepts about smart sensing in the context of wearable systems along with Bluetooth communication, data acquisition as well as mobile computers.
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