The evolution of the CP titanium microstructure at deformation by rolling at the temperature of 77K in the range of 0.06–3 true strain has been investigated using light microscopy, transmission ...electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. Role of deformation twinning as the main mechanism responsible for the fragmentation of grains and formation of the bulk nanocrystalline state is determined. We discovered a three-stage character of the grain refinement with increase in cryorolling reduction. It corresponds to stages of twinning process development. The limit of grain refinement in the processing of nanocrystalline titanium using the method of cryomechanical grain fragmentation is ~ 40nm. It is due to a low probability of occurrence of twins in the grains with a size less than ~ 100nm. The coincidence of the grain size and the crystallite size (coherent scattering regions) indicates that grains have a sufficiently perfect internal structure. It demonstrates that dislocations known to be a source of lattice distortion cannot be accumulated in nanoscale grains. It was shown that cryomechanical grain fragmentation (CMGF) is the effective method of processing a bulk nanocrystalline titanium (as well as zirconium). The mechanical properties of titanium have been characterized in three structural states: coarse-grained, ultrafine-grained and nanocrystalline.
•The genome of influenza A viruses is able to encode up to seven accessory proteins.•Influenza A viruses use alternative splicing, leaky ribosomal scanning, re-initiation, and ribosomal frameshifting ...mechanisms.•Influenza A virus accessory proteins are PB1-F2, PB1-N40, PA-X, PA-N155, PA-N182, M42, NS3.
Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. Despite numerous efforts to produce absolutely effective anti-influenza drugs or vaccines, no such agent has been developed yet. One of the main reasons for this complication is the high mutation rate and the specific structure of influenza A viruses genome. For more than 25 years since the first mapping of the viral genome, it was believed that its 8 genome segments encode 10 proteins. However, the proteome of influenza A viruses has turned out to be much more complex than previously thought. In 2001, the first accessory protein, PB1-F2, translated from the alternative open reading frame, was discovered. Subsequently, six more proteins, PB1-N40, PA-X, PA-N155, PA-N182, M42, and NS3, have been found. It is important to pay close attention to these novel proteins in order to evaluate their role in the pathogenesis of influenza, especially in the case of outbreaks of human infections with new avian viruses, such as H5N1 or H7N9. In this review we summarize the data on the molecular mechanisms used by influenza A viruses to expand their proteome and on the possible functions of the recently discovered viral proteins.
The article is devoted to the consideration and transformation of social and administrative problems of municipalities with low initiative of citizens. The empirical basis was the data of ...sociological research (surveys), conducted by the author in the urban district of Krasnoturinsk (Sverdlovsk region) before and after the announcement of partial mobilization. In the course of the study the social problems of the territory, the level of trust in the local authorities, interaction with them, as well as the dynamics of changes in these aspects under the influence of key political factors, in particular, the special military operation in Ukraine were considered. Activity and activity-activist approaches were applied, which allowed us to study the state of society in the context of radical changes as well as to study the formation and activity of socio-group communities on the territory of the municipality in the conditions of special operation. The author conducted expert interviews with officials of the Administration of the Northern Administrative District, the Administration of the City District of Krasnoturyinsk, the Chairpersons of the Public Chambers of the Serov and Krasnoturyinsk City Districts, and the representatives of newly-created local communities: Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Serov urban district and veterans' organizations of Krasnoturinsk urban district on their interaction with the authorities and the settlement of conflicts.
The study showed that even with low citizen initiative, the presence of an external factor (partial mobilization) stimulates residents to make decisions on social problems outside the competence of local government, while forming new social institutions, local communities. The author concludes that in the realities of the special operation, in addition to those existing on the territory of the municipality, new local communities, social institutions emerge, providing conditions of organizational and stimulating nature of further action, whose representatives, as leaders of public opinion, can claim to be included in the Public Chamber of the municipality during the subsequent selection procedures. This opens up another mechanism for identifying leaders of public opinion in a municipal territory with low citizen initiative to effectively organize the interaction between citizens and local government through the Public Chamber of the municipality, which, in turn, can both further contribute to relieving social tensions in the conditions of SSE, and in general improve the quality of life in the municipal territory.
In this paper, the nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) stress analysis of shell structures in buckling and snapping problems is presented. The exact geometry or geometrically exact (GeX) hybrid-mixed ...four-node solid-shell element is developed using a sampling surfaces (SaS) method. The SaS formulation is based on the choice of N SaS parallel to the middle surface to introduce the displacements of these surfaces as basic shell unknowns. The SaS are located at the Chebyshev polynomial nodes (roots of the Chebyshev polynomial of degree N), that is, the outer surfaces are not included into a set of SaS. Such choice of unknowns with the consequent use of Lagrange polynomials of degree N–1 in the through-the-thickness distributions of displacements, strains and stresses leads to an efficient higher-order shell formulation. The incremental equilibrium equations are solved by the Newton–Raphson method combined with the Crisfield arc-length algorithm. The tangent stiffness matrix is evaluated by effective 3D analytical integration. As a result, the proposed GeX hybrid-mixed solid-shell element exhibits superior performance for coarse meshes and allows much larger load increments than is possible with existing displacement-based solid-shell elements. This can be useful for the 3D stress analysis of thin and thick shells in different states such as pre-buckling, bifurcation and post-buckling.
•Nonlinear exact geometry solid-shell element is developed for the 3D stress analysis of shells•The shell formulation is based on the method of sampling surfaces (SaS).•Hybrid-mixed solid-shell element allows the use of coarse meshes and large load increments.
BACKGROUND: Gut lactobacilli can affect the metabolic functions of healthy humans. We tested whether a 1500 kcal/d diet supplemented with cheese containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum ...TENSIA (Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen, DSM 21380) could reduce some symptoms of metabolic syndrome in Russian adults with obesity and hypertension. METHODS: In this 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel pilot study, 25 subjects ingested probiotic cheese and 15 ingested control cheese. Fifty grams of each cheese provided 175 kcal of energy. Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric characteristics, markers of liver and kidney function, metabolic indices (plasma glucose, lipids, and cholesterol), and urine polyamines were measured. Counts of fecal lactobacilli and L. plantarum TENSIA were evaluated using molecular methods. The data were analyzed by t-test for independent samples and Spearman’s partial correlation analysis. RESULTS: The probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA was present in variable amounts (529.6 ± 232.5 gene copies) in 16/25 (64%) study subjects. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly reduced (p = 0.031) in the probiotic cheese group versus the control cheese group. The changes in BMI were closely associated with the water content of the body (r = 0.570, p = 0.0007) when adjusted for sex and age. Higher values of intestinal lactobacilli after probiotic cheese consumption were associated with higher BMI (r = 0.383, p = 0.0305) and urinary putrescine content (r = 0.475, p = 0.006). In patients simultaneously treated with BP-lowering drugs, similar reductions of BP were observed in both groups. A positive association was detected between TENSIA colonization and the extent of change of morning diastolic BP (r = 0.617, p = 0.0248) and a trend toward lower values of morning systolic BP (r = −0.527, p = 0.0640) at the end of the study after adjusting for BMI, age, and sex. CONCLUSION: In a pilot study of obese hypertensive patients, a hypocaloric diet supplemented with a probiotic cheese helps to reduce BMI and arterial BP values, recognized symptoms of metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN76271778
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The article explores the genre dominants of Silver Age screenplays. Theoretical concepts of film dramaturgy are applied to the texts of A. A. Khanzhonkov’s “From the World of Mystery” (1915) and A. ...S. Voznesensky’s “God” (1918). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of these screenplay texts for the first time. The relevance is justified by contemporary philology’s interest in the intermedial aspect of literature. The screenplays exhibit an orientation towards literary models: a wide range of linguistic devices (metaphors, similes, inversions), complex composition, psychological depth, and more. Cinematic expressiveness is realized through a system of modalities (real time, memories, dreams, imagination, altered consciousness, etc.), description of character movements, and “visual sound.” The study suggests that the genre of screenwriting in silent cinema fundamentally differs from subsequent eras and tends towards the epic rather than the dramatic genre. Discrepancies between directorial and literary scripts occurred early in the genre’s formation. A comprehensive examination of original realized screenplays could be key to understanding the reasons for the unsatisfactory results of writer-filmmaker interactions.
In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) stress analysis of plate-type structures in instability conditions is presented. The displacement-based and hybrid-mixed four-node quadrilateral elements are ...developed taking the advantages of the sampling surfaces (SaS) method. The SaS formulation is based on considering inside the plate N not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface to specify the displacements of these surfaces as primary plate unknowns. The displacements, strains and stresses are assumed to be distributed through the thickness using Lagrange polynomials of degree N–1 that lead to a well-set higher-order plate theory. The locations of SaS are based on the use of Chebyshev polynomial nodes that allow us to minimize uniformly the error due to Lagrange interpolation. To circumvent shear locking and have no spurious zero energy modes, the assumed transverse shear strains are employed. The nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved by the Newton–Raphson iterative method combined with the Crisfield arc-length algorithm. The accuracy and efficiency of both elements in different conditions such as coarse and distorted meshes are investigated. The developed assumed-natural strain (ANS) elements can be useful for the 3D stress analysis of thin and thick plates in whole states of equilibrium path involving bifurcation, snap-through, and/or snap-back phenomena.
•Stability and three-dimensional stress analysis of plate structures are investigated.•Two nonlinear displacement-based and hybrid-mixed quadrilaterals are developed.•The finite element formulation is based on the method of sampling surfaces (SaS).
Display omitted
Hydrophobic bacteriochlorin based photosensitizer (PS) can be effectively immobilized on MNP covered by human serum albumin (HSA). PS loading into MNP protein shell allows ...solubilizing PS in water solution without altering its photodynamic activity. MNP@PS can serve as diagnostic tool for tracking PS delivery to tumor tissues by MRI.
Immobilization on MNP-HSA-PEG was performed by adding PS solution in organic solvents with further purification. MNP@PS were characterized by DLS, HAADF STEM and AFM. Absorbance and fluorescence measurements were used to assess PS photophysical properties before and after immobilization. MNP@PS internalization into CT26 cells was investigated by confocal microscopy in vitro and MRI/IVIS were used for tracking MNP@PS delivery to tumors in vivo.
MNP@PS complexes were stable in water solution and retained PS photophysical activity. The length of side chain affected MNP@PS size, loading capacity and cell internalization. In vitro testing demonstrated MNP@PS delivery to cancer cells followed by photoinduced toxicity. In vivo studies confirmed that as-synthetized complexes can be used for MRI tracking over drug accumulation in tumors.
The article is devoted to the review of various methodological approaches to the estimation of natural fire danger (NFD), as well as to the creation, updation and application of the NFD maps, which ...are offered by modern Russian scholars. The scale of natural fire danger assessment recommended for use and developed by I. S. Melekhov is presented and analyzed. The methodological drawbacks of this scale as stated by modern researchers are indicated. The paper reviews the development of a new methodological approach to compilation of regional scales for assessing the natural fire danger of forests, by taking into account the links between forest growth conditions as well as seasonal and climatic conditions in the regions of the Russian Federation. The method for mapping of natural fire danger on the basis of maps of plant combustible materials, proposed by the scientific group of the V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, is studied. We consider studies of the Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University related to investigation if the possibility for applying mathematical modeling methods for long-term forecasting of changes in NFD under different scenarios of forest management. The method for annual mapping of NFD classes, proposed in the CEPF RAS, is presented. An example of the use of NFD maps in assessing the probability of forest fires in the ICARP FEB RAS is considered. Future research areas are identified, namely, a cartographic representation of the created regional scales of NFD and the results of mathematical modeling of long-term changes in NFD.
Solubilization of crown-substituted magnesium phthalocyaninate(I) has been studied by spectrophotometry in aqueous solutions of tetradecyltrimethylammonium(II), hexadecyltrimethylammonium(III), and ...hexadecyltriphenylphosphonium bromides. The experiments have been carried out with saturated solutions of I occurring at the thermodynamic equilibrium with its precipitate. The experimental data have been used to determine the following thermodynamic characteristics of the solubilization: the solubilization capacity of micelles, the coefficient of solubilisate partition between micelles and an ambient solution, and the standard solubilization affinity of I. It has been shown that, in spite of different structures of the surfactants, the standard works of a I molecule transfer to micelles of all three surfactants are almost equal. The found values of the solubilization capacity, as calculated per one molecule of I, in micelles of II and III lead to abnormally large aggregation numbers. This fact may be explained by possible development of a bimodal distribution of micelles, at which solubilisate-containing micelles coexist with “empty” micelles; as a result, the average number of solubilisate molecules in a micelle may appear to be smaller than unity.
PDF
