State aid to companies is a highly sensitive economic and legal issue that strongly impacts on the functioning of the European Union as an integrating economic system. The special importance of State ...aid arises from the fact that the EU economy is based on the market mechanism and competition. However, State aid to companies breaches – to a greater or lesser degree – the principle of fair competition. For these reasons, State aid is strictly regulated in EU and national legislation. The issue of State aid was a particularly important challenge for many EU countries and for the EU itself during the financial crisis, when many companies and financial institutions were threatened with bankruptcy, which could have deepened the economic crisis. The article presents a review of rules applicable to the State aid for financial institutions during the crisis, especially in form of guarantees for bank debt. The qualitative analysis of State aid granted by the Member States was carried out under the provisions of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union and the European Commission guidelines on the development and implementation of State aid for banks. Statistical analysis was carried out based on the linear regression model. The response variable (dependent variable Y) was the GDP per capita, and explanatory variable (independent variable X) was the expenditure on guarantees for bank debt.
The main target of this paper is the analysis of catastrophic bonds (CAT bonds) as tools to gaining capital in the context of the Public Private Partnership (PPP). The article consists of three ...parts. Firstly the author presents a definition and intention of PPP. Then he introduces each element of catastrophic bonds and the main structures of CAT bonds payments. Furthermore he introduces the most important defects and advantages of discussed instruments. The third part of the publication presents the connection between PPP and catastrophic bonds concept and new possibilities which gain special meaning to the European Union members that are subject to budget restrictions, such as the Maastricht Criteria.
Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse legal solutions determining the principles of undertaking and performing pharmacy activities in Poland, with particular emphasis on the importance of ...these solutions to guarantee the public health protection in terms of theory of state interference in the economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article uses the method of analysis of legal regulation and the descriptive method. Findings: The object of pharmacy 's activities is the provision of pharmaceutical services that remain in the domain of practising the profession of pharmacist as a profession of public trust. The provisions of Polish Pharmaceutical Law, shaping the principles of rationing pharmaceutical activities in Poland, and thus determining the subjective structure of the pharmacy market, have undergone a particular change, which entered into force on June 25, 2017, giving rise to polarization of participants in the pharmacy market for entrepreneurs. Practical Implications: Considering the existing differentiation of the pharmaceutical activities model, it is necessary to assess the legal conditions of the public health protection guarantee in the field of the entrepreneur's social interest. This assessment should concern both running a pharmacy by a non-pharmacist and an entrepreneur with the right to practice as a pharmacist. Recognizing the close correlation between the economic objective and the public objective of the pharmacy activities, the question should also be asked about the significant changes in Pharmaceutical Law aimed at strengthening the pharmacist's position as an important participant in the market ofpharmacy services. Originality/Value: The implementation of the public health care facility function by the generally accessible pharmacy is in line with the context of public health protection guarantee in the field of the functioning of the pharmacy market, both in terms of the principles of undertaking pharmacy operations as well as legal solutions that determine the pharmacy management model.
This article presents the evolution of the conditions of state aid admissibility to the coal industry, starting with legal regulations within the European Coal and Steel Community, the European ...Community, and now the European Union. The thesis was formulated that, in connection with the expiry on 31 December 2010 of Council regulation No. 1407/2002, on the basis of which the European Commission allowed aid for the national mining industry in different member states in the period before the onset of the financial and economic crisis, the immediate cause of introduction of the next regulation for mining state aid in the form of Council Decision 2010/787/EU on state aid to facilitate the closure of uncompetitive coal mines was the increasing intensity of the aid for the mining industry in recent years.
Tytuł wol.: Finanse na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju. Gospodarka – etyka – środowisko
Title wol.: Finance for sustainable development. Economy - ethics - environment
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, s. 147-158 ; streszcz. ang.
Tyt. równol.: Tax Subsidies as a Form of State Aid and General ...Government Sector Debt
Article from: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, p. 147-158; summary. English
Tyt. equilol.Podmioty podatkowe jako pomoc państwowa i generalny event
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, s. 147-158 ; streszcz. ang.
Tyt. równol.: Tax Subsidies as a Form of State Aid and General Government Sector Debt
Tyt. równol.: The state aid in the form of risk capital granted to small and medium-sized enterprises in the European Union
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, ...Oeconomia, Vol. 48 (2014), 4, s. 185-196 ; streszcz. ang.
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia, Vol. 48 (2014), 4, s. 185-196 ; streszcz. ang.
Tyt. równol.: The state aid in the form of risk capital granted to small and medium-sized enterprises in the European Union
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