The study examined the role of conscious and unconscious processes depending on the level of arithmetic skill. The participants were divided into two groups according to their arithmetic skill based ...on the calculation fluency test results. Masked and unmasked single-digit addition problems (primes) followed by correct and incorrect results were presented on the screen. In a conscious perception task (unmasked priming), when large and small problem results were presented, an arithmetic N400 and LPC effects were observed in both groups. In the case of unconscious perception (masked priming), when small problem results were presented, the LPC effect was observed in the group with low arithmetic skill. The fact that the LPC arithmetic effect was discovered during the unconscious presentation may indicate the automatic nature of the encoding and retrieving information processes, reflecting neurophysiological characteristics associated with the level of arithmetic skill.
The biological activity of dark gray soil was studied in a 100-year-old forbs–green-moss Pogorel’skii pine forest in Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. Selective felling were performed in the pine forest in ...2017, and there was a strong fire in May 2022. Biofertilizer based on sawdust-soil substrate with the addition of urea and mycoproduct (SSSM + U) was applied to the cut and burned areas to improve reforestation and increase the biological productivity of the soil. Self-seeding of pine was annually counted on experimental sites (forest strip after felling, skidding trail, and background). The total number and ratio of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms, enzyme activity, the content of microbial biomass, and the intensity of basal respiration and of specific respiration of microbial biomass were used for bioindication of the soil status. Application of a biofertilizer to the cut areas favored soil alkalization by 0.2–0.4 pH units, preservation of moisture, and a rise in the content of nitrogen (by 5–14%) and microbial biomass (1.2–1.6 times) as compared to the control. The impact of biofertilizers on the germination and growth of pine self-seeding was seen on the second year after the application: the number of self-seeding on the experimental sites was 4–6 times greater than on the control ones. The input of burnt plant residues, coals, and ash into the soil in the first week after the fire resulted in an increase in some microbiological parameters, in the activity of urease and invertase, and in the activation of carbotrophic microorganisms. However, microbiological activity decreased by the end of the growing season, which indicated a post-pyrogenic suppression of microbial cenoses. The application of biofertilizer to the surface of the burnt plots leveled the pyrogenic effect and stimulated the formation of pine shoots, the number of which was significantly higher than on the control plots. It was found that universal bioindicators, which adequately reflect the soil status after any anthropogenic impacts, included the microbial biomass, specific microbial respiration, enzymatic activity, and the total number of microorganisms. An increase in the portion of
Serratia plymuthica
and
Bacillus mycoides
bacteria and of
Trichoderma
,
Penicillium
, and
Mortierela
fungi was a specific bioindicator of the soil status after the fire.
The relevance of this study is due to the insufficient knowledge of the biological characteristics of hydrangeas. The aim of this research was to identify the anatomical and diagnostic features, as ...well as the chemical composition, of the arborescent hydrangea (
Hydrangea arborescens
L.) from the collection of the Southern Ural Botanical Garden-Institute, Ural Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result of this research, it was found that the diagnostically significant features of the leaf of this type of hydrangea are the structure of the cells of the epidermis of the upper and lower sides of the leaf, the presence of an anomocytic stomatal apparatus on the lower side of the leaf, crystalline inclusions of calcium oxalate in the form of raphides on the upper and lower sides of the leaf, and simple hairs with a coarse warty surface, multicellular base, and simple sinuous hairs on the underside of the leaf. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves, stems, and roots confirmed the presence of coumarins, ascorbic acid, and tannins in them, as well as of flavonoids in leaves. It has been established that the highest content of ascorbic acid (0.28 ± 0.014%) and tannins (7.13 ± 0.639%) is observed in the leaves of
Hydrangea arborescens
; coumarins in terms of umbelliferone are in the roots (0.41 ± 0.007%); and the content of flavonoids in the leaves was 1.14 ± 0.048%.
TAAR1 is known as a neuromodulator of monoaminergic systems, providing the negative regulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity. The TAAR1 ability to regulate monoaminergic systems ...determines its prominent role in psychiatric and neurological disorders. The present study is aimed to provide further evidence for the role of TAAR1 in mismatch negativity (MMN) generation. The electroencephalogram was recorded in freely moving TAAR1 knockout and wild type mice. As the MMN response reflects a combination of stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) and deviance detection (DD) response, we compare standard and deviant stimuli to the multi-standard control. The difference observed between the high-adapted standard and low-adapted control stimuli together with the similar response to deviant and control stimuli suggest that the MMN-like response in wild type mice most likely reflects the SSA. On the other hand, TAAR1 knockout mice show no difference between standard, deviant, and control stimuli, probably indicating that the SSA to repetitive stimuli is impaired in TAAR-KO mice.
The results of studies of the effect of technological modes of nanoscale silicon substrate surface profiling by local anodic oxidation (LAO). The effect of relative humidity and the amplitude of the ...voltage applied to the tip-substrate system with LAO on the geometric parameters of the oxide nanostructures (ONS) and profiled nanostructures (PNS). It has been shown that increasing the voltage amplitude to the probe substrate 10 to the system 20 causes an increase in the height of the ONS 0.6 ± 0.2 to 2.0 ± 0.3 nm at 70% relative humidity. Investigations of the possibility of using ONS as a mask during the silicon etching liquid. It has been shown that increasing the silicon etching time from 10 to 80 seconds in the KOH + IPA causes increased silicon PNS height of 100 ± 10 nm and 350 ± 30 nm. The results can be used in the development of technological processes of manufacturing of nanoelectronics components based on silicon base using the probe nanotechnologies.
The work considers the issue of using various methods for expert assessments in determining the influence degree of ergonomic properties on the ergonomics of a mining excavator. It is established ...that owing to the variety of the used methods the final result is quite comparable and acceptable.
Small freshwater (resident) populations of the European river lamprey
Lampetra
fluviatilis
from an isolated from the sea upper part of a river system with numerous lakes (the upper reaches of ...tributaries of the Daugava River and Lake Peipus, Pskov Oblast, Russia) have been studied. Adult individuals of the lamprey have been attributed to common and large size groups; adults are similar to other resident lamprey from the Baltic Sea basin. The presence of larvae of different size and age groups indicates regular spawning of the European river lamprey in the studied watersheds. Analysis of the modern and historical (before the isolation) distribution of lamprey revealed a reduction in habitats and a decrease in the number of individuals. Dam-associated disruption of migration routes led to the disappearance of anadromous form, and consequently, disappearance of resident lamprey from most of the studied waterbodies. We attribute the decrease in the number of rivers inhabited by lamprey and abundance of the lamprey both to anthropogenic factors (direct blocking of an access of anadromous form of the lamprey to spawning grounds by hydraulic construction) and to the characteristics of the studied area. The richness of the river system with lentic waterbodies makes it suitable for lamprey inhabitation with an influx of large anadromous individuals capable of crossing such reservoirs in search of spawning sites.
In 2018, a total of 45–57 zooplankton and 23–81 benthos taxa, as well as 0–6 alien zooplankton and 3–7 invasive zoobenthos species were found in different parts of the water area of the Gulf of ...Finland adjacent to St. Petersburg. From 2014 to 2018, aboriginal zooplankton and zoobenthos communities in the studied area remained relatively unchanged, while the populations of invasive species changed significantly. The range of some alien planktonic species extended to the east, i.e. to the Neva Bay, which could be due to their transfer from the adjacent areas of the Gulf of Finland. As compared to 2014, in 2018, a smaller number of invasive species in zoobenthos (only 10 species versus 14), as well as a significant reduction in the range or abundance of some invasive benthic species were recorded.
A method for the preparation of new organic ligands combining in their structure a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)benzothiazole moiety capable of coordinating metal iones and a thioacetate group, which makes it ...possible to adsorb the obtained compounds on a gold surface, has been developed. Using cyclic voltammetry, the possibility of chemisorption of the obtained compounds on the surface of gold electrodes and obtaining complexes of adsorbed ligands with CuCl
2
has been shown.
Hypothesis: Stickleback abundance in the White Sea is limited by availability of spawning habitats. Organisms: Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus; eelgrass, Zostera marina. Times and ...places: June (spawning period of stickleback) 2009-2011 and 2014; 60 locations along the White Sea coast. Methods: We sampled with a beach seine (length 7.5 m, height 1.5 m, mesh size 5 mm in wings and 1 mm in purse) in coastal zones within 30 m of the shore. Results: Around 60% of the entire stickleback population occurs in the northwestern part of the White Sea (Kandalaksha Bay). This region has favourable spawning habitats, i.e. protected inlets with a high density of eelgrass and other macrophytes. Other parts of the White Sea are more exposed to waves and have less vegetation. We estimated that the White Sea currently supports about 740 million stickleback at the beginning of the spawning season, with a total biomass of about 1600 metric tonnes.
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