Abstract
Campaigns have been launched to make sense of what makes a specific individual suicidal. We know that suicidal individuals give definite warning signs, mainly from their ambivalence about ...ending their own lives. Classical suicidology posited that the suicidal individual experiences unbearable psychological pain (
psychache
) or suffering and that suicide might be, at least in part, an attempt to escape from this suffering, emphasizing that suicide is not a movement toward death but rather an escape from unbearable emotion and unendurable or unacceptable anguish. Suicide occurs when that individual deems the psychache to be unbearable. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated that such emotional pain shares the same neuroanatomical circuit of somatic pain. Furthermore, concepts related to death, failure, or other unfortunate circumstances activate specific cerebral areas in a suicidal individual compared to a non-suicidal subject. The author conducted a sizeable clinical investigation on mental pain related to psychiatric disorders and suicide risk. Implications for further research are discussed during the presentation.
Disclosure of Interest
M. Pompili Consultant of: Janssen, Lundbeck, Recordati, MSD, Speakers bureau of: Janssen, Lundbeck, Angelini Pharma, Pfizer
The distribution of entangled states across the nodes of a future quantum internet will unlock fundamentally new technologies. Here, we report on the realization of a three-node entanglement-based ...quantum network. We combine remote quantum nodes based on diamond communication qubits into a scalable phase-stabilized architecture, supplemented with a robust memory qubit and local quantum logic. In addition, we achieve real-time communication and feed-forward gate operations across the network. We demonstrate two quantum network protocols without postselection: the distribution of genuine multipartite entangled states across the three nodes and entanglement swapping through an intermediary node. Our work establishes a key platform for exploring, testing, and developing multinode quantum network protocols and a quantum network control stack.
Future quantum internet applications will derive their power from the ability to share quantum information across the network
. Quantum teleportation allows for the reliable transfer of quantum ...information between distant nodes, even in the presence of highly lossy network connections
. Although many experimental demonstrations have been performed on different quantum network platforms
, moving beyond directly connected nodes has, so far, been hindered by the demanding requirements on the pre-shared remote entanglement, joint qubit readout and coherence times. Here we realize quantum teleportation between remote, non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network. The network uses three optically connected nodes based on solid-state spin qubits. The teleporter is prepared by establishing remote entanglement on the two links, followed by entanglement swapping on the middle node and storage in a memory qubit. We demonstrate that, once successful preparation of the teleporter is heralded, arbitrary qubit states can be teleported with fidelity above the classical bound, even with unit efficiency. These results are enabled by key innovations in the qubit readout procedure, active memory qubit protection during entanglement generation and tailored heralding that reduces remote entanglement infidelities. Our work demonstrates a prime building block for future quantum networks and opens the door to exploring teleportation-based multi-node protocols and applications
.
Objective
Assess reported risk of suicide attempts by patients with bipolar disorder (BD).
Method
Systematic searching yielded 101 reports from 22 countries (79 937 subjects). We analyzed for risk ...(%) and incidence rates (%/year) of attempts, comparing sex and diagnostic types, including by meta‐analysis.
Results
Attempt risk averaged 31.1% CI: 27.9–34.3 of subjects, or 4.24 3.78–4.70%/year. In BD‐I (43 studies) and BD‐II subjects (30 studies), risks (29.9%, 31.4%) and incidence rates (4.01, 4.11%/year) were similar and not different by meta‐analysis. Among women vs. men, risks (33.7% vs. 25.5%) and incidence (4.50 vs. 3.21%/year) were greater (also supported by meta‐analysis: RR = 1.35 CI: 1.25–1.45, P < 0.0001). Neither measure was related to reporting year, % women/study, or to onset or current age. Risks were greater with longer exposure, whereas incidence rates decreased with longer time at risk, possibly through ‘dilution’ by longer exposure.
Conclusion
This systematic update of international experience underscores high risks of suicide attempts among patients with BD (BD‐I = BD‐II; women > men). Future studies should routinely include exposure times and incidence rates by diagnostic type and sex for those who attempt suicide or not.
Seminal studies by pioneers in the study of suicide noted seasonal variations of suicides and attributed this phenomenon to a direct influence on the circuit of the brain of climate variables, in ...particular temperature. Classical studies point to variations with a peak in spring and early summer. Many studies have found that there is a spring peak of suicides (especially for males; a spring and autumn peak is often referred to females), but methodological difficulties often hamper analysis. In fact some authors indicated a lack of seasonal variation for suicides. Affective disorders in general and bipolar disorders as well as unipolar depression may be influenced by seasonality. Some people with bipolar disorder can also have seasonal changes in their mood and experience acute episodes in a recurrent fashion at different times of the year. It has been classically described that some people with bipolar disorder are more likely to experience depressive episodes in the fall/winter and manic episodes in spring/summer. On the other hand, seasonal affective disorder (also called SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at the same time every year. Typically, seasonal affective disorder is a condition where depressions in fall and winter alternate with non depressed periods in the spring and summer. The degree to which seasonal changes afflict mood, energy, sleep, appetite, .food preference, or the wish to socialize with other people has been called “seasonality.” Implications for assessment, treatment and prevention of suicide are discussed during the course of this presentation.
This presentation was developed with the aim of shedding light on the phenomenology of suicide, that is, to focus on suicide as a phenomenon affecting a unique individual with unique motives for the ...suicidal act. Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the subjective or first-person point of view. It can be used to ask 'What is it like to be suicidal”. To explore this topic, the author looks back at the past centuries to understand why suicide was thought to be confined to psychiatric illness and to document the bias in studies supporting this notion. In contrast, here it is argued that suicide should not be considered to be a symptom. In order for empathy to take place it is necessary that we should have in our own experience in our own minds, some points of reference that correspond to those of the patients’ experience. The reason that learning by watching others is effective is because of mirror neurons. Seeing and doing can be synonymous when it comes to empathetic responses. When people see someone doing something, they can imagine doing the same, naturally. As for suicide, it can be argued, certainly, that people can grow desensitized to reactions like this, after being heavily 'exposed” to stimuli challenging the topic of suicide or otherwise. The author proposes the involvement of mirror neurons as a key point for understanding how to empathize with suicidal patients so to sharing the experience of psychological pain as related to suicide risk
Among the myths that are often cited about suicide is that 'people who talk about killing themselves rarely die by suicide', but the evidence seems to contradict this statement. The aim of this study ...was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies reporting a prevalence of suicide communication (SC), and to examine the diagnostic accuracy of SC towards suicide in case-control reports.
Eligible studies had to examine data relative to completed suicides and report the prevalence of SC. Data relative to sample characteristics, study definition, modality and recipient of the SC were coded.
We included 36 studies, conducted on a total of 14 601 completed suicides. The overall proportion of SC was 44.5% 95% confidence interval (CI) 35.4-53.8, with large heterogeneity (I 2 = 98.8%) and significant publication bias. The prevalence of SC was negatively associated with the detection of verbal communication as the sole means of SC and, positively, with study methodological quality. Based on seven case-control studies, SC was associated with an odds ratio of 4.66 for suicide (95% CI 3.00-7.25) and was characterized by sufficient diagnostic accuracy only if studies on adolescents were removed.
Available data suggest that SC occurs in nearly half of subjects who go on to die by suicide, but this figure is likely to be an underestimate given the operational definitions of SC. At present, SC seems associated with overall insufficient accuracy towards subsequent suicide, although further rigorous studies are warranted to draw definite conclusions on this issue.
In view of the contemporary scenario and importance of alternative liquid dielectrics, IEEE DEIS Technical Committee on Liquid Dielectrics laid emphasis on pre-breakdown phenomena of ester dielectric ...fluids. The present article reports the background knowledge on the breakdown theories and behavior of streamers in insulating oils. The major influencing properties of the streamers aroused in liquid insulating systems are discussed keeping in view of the ester based dielectric fluids. Importantly, modelling of streamers, testing approaches, and review of pre-breakdown phenomena in ester dielectric fluids has been presented.
Introduction
Suicide in adolescents represents a major public health concern. To date, a growing number of suicide preventive strategies based on the use of new technologies are emerging.
Objectives
...The purpose of the present paper is to provide an overview of the present literature on the use of new technologies in adolescent suicide prevention.
Methods
A systematic electronic search was run using the following keywords: Technology OR Technologies OR APP OR Application OR mobile application) AND (Adolescent OR youth OR puberty) AND (Suicid* OR Self-harm OR self-destruction).
Results
We found 12 studies on the use of telemedicine, 7 on mobile applications, and 3 on language detection. Heterogeneity regarding the study design was found: 3 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), 13 are Open-label single group trials, 2 Randomized studies, and 1 Cross-sectional study. Telemedicine was the most adopted tool, especially web-based approaches. Mobile applications mostly focused on screening of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and for clinical monitoring through the use of text messages.
Conclusions
Despite telepsychiatry and mobile applications can provide a fast and safe tool, only a few studies demonstrated efficacy in preventing suicide among adolescents through the use of these interventions. Some studies suggested sophisticated algorithms able to recognize people at risk for suicide from language detection on social media posts. To date, only a few data support the use of such interventions in clinical practice and preventive strategies. Further studies are needed to test their efficacy in suicide prevention among adolescents and young adults.
Study Objectives The aim of this paper was to review literature concerning the relationship between suicide and substance abuse behaviours among adolescents, focusing on epidemiology, comorbidity and ...prevention programs. Materials and Methods we performed a Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, PsycLit, and PsycInfo search to identify to identify all papers and book chapters during the period between 1980 and 2013. Results Adolescents with substance abuse disorder who attempt or complete suicide can be characterized as having mood disorders, stressful life events, interpersonal problems, poor social support, lonely lives, and feelings of hopelessness. The research supports the existence of a strong relationship between suicide and substance abuse. Conclusions Preventive programs should be based on risk factors associated with both suicide and substance abuse disorder. Management programs should combine different therapeutic strategies such as peer-to-peer education, school-based programs, psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. Evidence suggests that targeted suicide prevention programs can be delivered which reduce the burden associated with substance abuse and suicide in youths.
PDF
