Summary Background The combination of three blood-pressure-lowering drugs at low doses, with a statin, aspirin, and folic acid (the polypill), could reduce cardiovascular events by more than 80% in ...healthy individuals. We examined the effect of the Polycap on blood pressure, lipids, heart rate, and urinary thromboxane B2, and assessed its tolerability. Methods In a double-blind trial in 50 centres in India, 2053 individuals without cardiovascular disease, aged 45–80 years, and with one risk factor were randomly assigned, by a central secure website, to the Polycap (n=412) consisting of low doses of thiazide (12·5 mg), atenolol (50 mg), ramipril (5 mg), simvastatin (20 mg), and aspirin (100 mg) per day, or to eight other groups, each with about 200 individuals, of aspirin alone, simvastatin alone, hydrochlorthiazide alone, three combinations of the two blood-pressure-lowering drugs, three blood-pressure-lowering drugs alone, or three blood-pressure-lowering drugs plus aspirin. The primary outcomes were LDL for the effect of lipids, blood pressure for antihypertensive drugs, heart rate for the effects of atenolol, urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 for the antiplatelet effects of aspirin, and rates of discontinuation of drugs for safety. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00443794. Findings Compared with groups not receiving blood-pressure-lowering drugs, the Polycap reduced systolic blood pressure by 7·4 mm Hg (95% CI 6·1–8·1) and diastolic blood pressure by 5·6 mm Hg (4·7–6·4), which was similar when three blood-pressure-lowering drugs were used, with or without aspirin. Reductions in blood pressure increased with the number of drugs used (2·2/1·3 mm Hg with one drug, 4·7/3·6 mm Hg with two drugs, and 6·3/4·5 mm Hg with three drugs). Polycap reduced LDL cholesterol by 0·70 mmol/L (95% CI 0·62–0·78), which was less than that with simvastatin alone (0·83 mmol/L, 0·72–0·93; p=0·04); both reductions were greater than for groups without simvastatin (p<0·0001). The reductions in heart rate with Polycap and other groups using atenolol were similar (7·0 beats per min), and both were significantly greater than that in groups without atenolol (p<0·0001). The reductions in 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 were similar with the Polycap (283·1 ng/mmol creatinine, 95% CI 229·1–337·0) compared with the three blood-pressure-lowering drugs plus aspirin (350·0 ng/mmol creatinine, 294·6–404·0), and aspirin alone (348·8 ng/mmol creatinine, 277·6–419·9) compared with groups without aspirin. Tolerability of the Polycap was similar to that of other treatments, with no evidence of increasing intolerability with increasing number of active components in one pill. Interpretation This Polycap formulation could be conveniently used to reduce multiple risk factors and cardiovascular risk. Funding Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad, India.
The antibacterial activity of the leaves of Vitex negundo was tested against three types of bacteria Viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. The fresh, aqueous, ...heated aqueous extract, chloroform and methanolic extract of leaves were used for screening their antibacterial potential. The fresh and aqueous extracts of leaves in various dilutions were found to have antibacterial activity against the three bacteria.
This study reveals to identify the changes of land use/land cover of rural agricultural watershed of Tamil nadu. The relationship between Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULCC) has identified using ...IRS IC LISS III and PAN merged data. Further, the preparation of LULC map using Survey of India (SOI) Top sheet for the year 1972contain come up to in multipurpose to know the land use pattern. In the same way, the various LULC image classified which has collected from Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), scanned and digitized using Arc GIS software. The agricultural practices under agriculture land and cropland has most important crash over the hydro logical processes of the watershed. Thus, the change detection obtained from LULC serve in most favorable solutions for the selection, planning, implementation and monitoring of development schemes to meet the increasing demands of human needs has lead to land management. The Remote Sensing techniques also cost effective to detect the change in LULC over a large area due to natural and human activities. This study shall be very useful for further development planning.
Despite the growing evidence on the benefits of self-monitoring in diabetes, the use of these meters has been low in developing countries, particularly India. Cost seems to be the major constraint. ...The aim of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of One Touch HORIZON an affordable glucose meter with laboratory assessment of blood glucose.
100 subjects with diabetes over the age of 18 years were recruited from the MV Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai. All the study subjects had their fasting blood tested for glucose in One Touch HORIZON by finger prick. Fasting blood glucose was also assessed in YSI 2300 STATPLUS (Yellow Springs Instruments, Ohio, USA) glucose analyzer. The Parke's Error Grid model was used to assess the accuracy of the meter against YSI plasma glucose values.
Of the total 100 study subjects, 97 were Type 2 diabetic subjects and three were Type 1 diabetic subjects. 62% of the study subjects were males. 89% did not perform SMBG and only 2% of the diabetic subjects performed SMBG daily. The Parke's Error Grid analysis revealed 97% of results to be in Zone A when patient performed the test, 99 - 100% in Zone A when clinical staff performed the test indicating excellent accuracy and precision.
One Touch HORIZON meter is an affordable meter with good accuracy and precision, specifically designed to cater to the needs of diabetic patients in developing countries.
The removal of cotton textile dye wastewater to the environment is a greater problem by its toxicological and aesthetical reasons. Many physicochemical methods were employed for treating the cotton ...textile dye wastewater. High cost and dangerous products produced by the physicochemical treatment reduce using these treatment methods. Hence the biological processes are employed for treating the cotton textile dye wastewater due to its cost effectiveness and less toxic effects. . Bio filter can be an effective solution for producing high quality water and saving water for recirculation. Bioball gives 80% reduction efficiency in BOD whereas Fixed filter media gives approx. 70% reduction efficiency in BOD The overall performance of the HUASBR achieved maximum COD removal of 87% at 24hrs HRT respectively. It is clearly understood that the % COD reduction is directly proportional to the HRT. Hence the HUASBR is suitable for treating real textile dye wastewater even upto 1300mg/l efficiency.
The majority (>80%) of patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) present in Europe and America are obese. In developing countries like India, most NIDDM (>60%) are non-obese and ...many are actually lean with a body mass index (BMI) of <18.5 and are referred to as `lean NIDDM'. This paper compares the clinical profile of a cohort of 347 lean NIDDM, with a group of 6274 NIDDM of ideal body weight (IBW) and 3252 obese NIDDM attending a diabetes centre at Madras in South India. The lean NIDDM who constituted 3.5% of all NIDDM patients seen at our centre, had more severe diabetes and an increased prevalence of retinopathy (both background and proliferative), nephropathy and neuropathy. Although a larger percentage of the lean NIDDM patients were treated with insulin, 47% of the males and 53% of the females were still on oral hypoglycaemic agents even after a mean duration of diabetes of 9.2±8.1 years. Studies of GAD antibodies, islet cell antibodies (ICA) and fasting and stimulated C-peptide estimations done in a small subgroup of the lean NIDDM showed that they were distinct from IDDM patients. More studies are needed on metabolic, hormonal and immunological profile of lean NIDDM seen in developing countries like India.
The aim of this work is to develop and validate a dissolution test for ropinirole tablets based on in vivo data. The best dissolution conditions were USP apparatus 1, 500 ml of medium containing pH ...4.0 deaerated citrate buffer at a speed of 50 rpm and detection was carried at 250 nm. The in vitro dissolution samples were analyzed and validated using HPLC method according to USP protocol. The method showed accuracy, precision, linearity and specificity within the acceptable range. The kinetics of dissolution was determined using model-dependent methods. The dissolution profiles were best described by Hixson–Crowell model.
One-dimensional Zn
1−x
Ni
x
O nanorods have been established through a facile surfactant/template free low temperature hydrothermal route, which involves the direct growth of the nanorod-like ...structures from an aqueous alkaline phase. The monophasic wurtzite structure of the Ni-doped ZnO nanocrystallites were initially studied using the X-ray diffractograms and their rod-like morphological appearance and homogeneity were analyzed through the aid of electron microscopes. Moreover, the substitution of Ni ions was found to contain the oxygen related vacancies and defect states in the nanostructures, through suppressing the E
2
(high) and E
1
(LO) modes in the Raman spectra. A similar trend was also observed in the subband gap emission, over the visible region of the emission spectra. The magnetic property studies on the Zn
1−x
Ni
x
O semiconducting nanorods revealed the presence of paramagnetic characteristics at room temperature and antiferromagnetic interactions at 20 K.
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