Why are independent courts rarely found in emerging democracies? This book moves beyond familiar obstacles, such as an inhospitable legal legacy and formal institutions that expose judges to ...political pressure. It proposes a strategic pressure theory, which claims that in emerging democracies, political competition eggs on rather than restrains power-hungry politicians. Incumbents who are losing their grip on power try to use the courts to hang on, which leads to the politicization of justice. The analysis uses four original datasets, containing 1,000 decisions by Russian and Ukrainian lower courts from 1998 to 2004. The main finding is that justice is politicized in both countries, but in the more competitive regime (Ukraine) incumbents leaned more forcefully on the courts and obtained more favorable rulings.
Cyclic Sulfinamides Dobrydnev, Alexey V.; Popova, Maria V.; Volovenko, Yulian M.
Chemical record,
February 2024, 2024-Feb, 2024-02-00, 20240201, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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The literature on cyclic sulfinamides (put simply, sultims) published from 1989 to 2022 has been summarized and reviewed. The information is divided into two sections: the analysis of synthetic ...methods on the preparation of cyclic sulfinamides and the discussion of the chemical properties of cyclic sulfinamides focusing on their reactions and applications. The survey of the reaction conditions, provided in the most detailed way, and a critical view of the reaction mechanisms add an extra dimension to the text. The data presented will be useful to specialists in different areas, especially those who work in the field of synthetic organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.
This review provides an overview of the literature for 1989–2022 on the synthesis, reactions, and applications of cyclic sulfinamides (put simply, sultims). The discussion of the reaction conditions, provided in the most detailed way, and a critical view of the reaction mechanisms add an extra dimension to the text.
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•New deuterium-labeled TDN specimen for stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA).•Short synthetic pathway and simple work-up procedures.•Inexpensive and readily available reagents.•>99% ...Chemical purity was achieved upon standard work-up/isolation procedure (distillation).
We report an economical and readily scalable synthesis of 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-5,7,8-D3 (TDN-D3), a novel deuterium-labeled specimen for stable isotope dilution assay. TDN-D3 was obtained in four simple steps with 25% overall yield and > 99% chemical purity, starting from commercially available and inexpensive reagents. The described method does not require additional purification procedures (e.g. HPLC or even column chromatography), and the complete synthesis can be performed in three part-time working days.
Herein, we present a full account of our studies with respect to the synthesis of carbo- and heterofused β-enamino-δ-sultams annelated on face c (3,4-bond). This class of compounds was designed as ...isomeric counterpart of known pharmacological templates – fused δ-sultams annelated through a face e (5,6-bond) following the principles of bioisosteric replacement. The starting material for this synthesis is cyclic vicinal amino nitriles. In particular, several methods were developed for methanesulfonylation of 5- and 6-membered carbo- and heteroaromatic as well as sp3-enriched β-enamino nitriles depending on their chemical nature and reactivity. The obtained N-mono- or/and N,N-dimesylates were converted into the corresponding N-methylmethanesulfonamides, which were subjected to the CSIC (Carbanion-mediated Sulfonate (Sulfonamide) Intramolecular Cyclization) reaction protocols thus affording target carbo- and heterofused β-enamino-δ-sultams. Their synthetic utility was demonstrated by the reactions with carbo- and hetero electrophiles.
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Abstract Since the Revolution of Dignity, civil society has become a major stakeholder in Ukraine's multiple reform processes. Judicial reform has been particularly salient as it aims to transform ...the country’s judiciary, long plagued by interrelated problems of political dependence, oligarchic capture, and internal corruption, into an autonomous guarantor of the rule of law. This Article examines how Ukrainian civil society has developed into an informal institution in Ukraine’s judicial reform. Building upon an overview of judicial reform efforts in Ukraine and a general theoretical framework of informality, this contribution studies how Ukrainian civil society influences the reform process, using the example of the country’s Constitutional Court. We argue that civil society has become an influential informal institution which plays an increasingly important role in judicial reform in Ukraine.
Nanostructures synthesized using DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in the field of biosensorics. The stability of the DNA duplex plays a critical role as it ...determines the final geometry of these nanostructures. The main way to control DNA stability is to maintain a high ionic strength of the buffer solution; at the same time, high salt concentrations lead to an aggregation of nanoparticles. In this study, by means of the instrumentality of DNA-bridged seeds using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as a soft reducing agent the dumbbell-like gold nanoparticles up to 35 nm were synthesized with a high concentration of sodium ions of up to 100 mM and magnesium ions up to 1 mM. We also examined at the atomic level the details of the effect of the gold nanoparticle surface, as well as Na+ and Mg2+ ions, on the stability of nucleotide pairs located in close proximity to the grafting site.
Herein we describe the reaction of cyanohydrins with α‐functionalized sulfonyl chlorides and discuss the reactivity of target α‐functionalized β‐enamino γ‐sultones. Depending on electron‐withdrawing ...activity of α‐functionality of given sulfonyl chlorides the reaction with cyanohydrins either accomplished in one‐pot manner (tandem sulfonylation–CSIC reaction) affording β‐enamino γ‐sultones (α‐functionality=CO2Me, CN, p‐C6H4‐CO2Me) or resulted in sulfonylated cyanohydrins, which can be converted into target β‐enamino γ‐sultones through the t‐BuOK‐mediated CSIC reaction (α‐functionality=Ph). The nature of α‐functionality drastically affects the reactivity of α‐functionalized β‐enamino γ‐sultones. Specifically, α‐CO2Me and α‐CN β‐enamino γ‐sultones are less reactive toward electrophiles and tolerate the nucleophiles. This is the consequence of high degree of conjugation between amino group and EWG within the sultone framework. At the same time, α‐aryl β‐enamino γ‐sultones possess significantly lower degree of conjugation (due to steric hindrance between aryl core and sultone framework) and therefore retain reactivity of the enamine fragment.
A series of α‐functionalized β‐enamino γ‐sultones was synthesized via the CSIC reaction strategy in either one‐pot (α‐FG=CO2Me, CN, p‐C6H4‐CO2Me) or two‐step (α‐FG=Ph) procedure from the corresponding α‐functionalized sulfonyl chlorides and cyanohydrins.
A fundamental phenomenon of coherent control is investigated theoretically using the example of neon photoionization by the bichromatic field of a free-electron laser. A system exposed to coherent ...fields with commensurable frequencies loses some symmetry, which manifests itself in the angular distribution and spin polarization of the electron emission. We predict several such effects, for example, the violation of symmetry with respect to the plane perpendicular to the polarization vector of the second harmonic and the appearance of new components of spin polarization. Furthermore, we predict a very efficient control of spin polarization via manipulation of the phase between the harmonics. Experimental observation of these effects is accessible with modern free-electron lasers operating in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength regime.
The silicides and aluminides particles precipitation in near α-and two-phase (α + β) titanium – alloys has been investigated. It is shown that in Ti-Al-Si-Zr alloys three different types of particles ...are precipitated: (Ti,Zr)5Si3 (S1), (Ti,Zr)6Si3 (S2), (Ti,Zr)2Si (S3). The types of precipitated particles depend on the heat treatment modes and an alloying elements ratio. The investigation of silicide particles influence on the mechanical properties of the alloys has shown that silicides S1 reduced viscosity characteristics. While silicides S2 and S3 were found to reduce the heat resistance due to the depletion of solid solution by Al and Si and to impede the formation of α2 - phase particles. Microstructural investigation has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The orientation relationships between silicides and matrix phase were identified by electron diffraction. Based on obtained results the schematic TTT-diagram of intermetallic phases formation has been suggested.
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