Land cover maps are the basic data layer required for understanding and modeling ecological patterns and processes. The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM), produced in 2003, has been widely ...used as a base map for studies in the arctic tundra biome. However, the relatively coarse resolution and vector format of the map were not compatible with many other data sets. We present a new version of the CAVM, building on the strengths of the original map, while providing a finer spatial resolution, raster format, and improved mapping. The Raster CAVM uses the legend, extent and projection of the original CAVM. The legend has 16 vegetation types, glacier, saline water, freshwater, and non-arctic land. The Raster CAVM divides the original rock-water-vegetation complex map unit that mapped the Canadian Shield into two map units, distinguishing between areas with lichen- and shrub-dominated vegetation. In contrast to the original hand-drawn CAVM, the new map is based on unsupervised classifications of seventeen geographic/floristic sub-sections of the Arctic, using AVHRR and MODIS data (reflectance and NDVI) and elevation data. The units resulting from the classification were modeled to the CAVM types using a wide variety of ancillary data. The map was reviewed by experts familiar with their particular region, including many of the original authors of the CAVM from Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway (including Svalbard), Russia, and the U.S. The analysis presented here summarizes the area, geographical distribution, elevation, summer temperatures, and NDVI of the map units. The greater spatial resolution of the Raster CAVM allowed more detailed mapping of water-bodies and mountainous areas. It portrays coastal-inland gradients, and better reflects the heterogeneity of vegetation type distribution than the original CAVM. Accuracy assessment of random 1-km pixels interpreted from 6 Landsat scenes showed an average of 70% accuracy, up from 39% for the original CAVM. The distribution of shrub-dominated types changed the most, with more prostrate shrub tundra mapped in mountainous areas, and less low shrub tundra in lowland areas. This improved mapping is important for quantifying existing and potential changes to land cover, a key environmental indicator for modeling and monitoring ecosystems. The final product is publicly available at www.geobotany.uaf.edu and at Mendeley Data, DOI: 10.17632/c4xj5rv6kv.1.
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•Raster version of the highly-cited Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM)•Same extent and same legend (16 land cover units) as vector CAVM, 1-km resolution•More accurate mapping of water-bodies, mountainous areas, coastal-inland gradients•Landsat accuracy assessment average of 70%, up from 39% for the original CAVM
Resulting generalization of herbarium and literature data and our own observations, a list of vascular plants growing on Putorana plateau territory was compiled, including 736 species (without ...adventive). The history of the plateau flora study since the 70s of the last century is described. The analysis of geographical and ecological-coenotic structure of the flora is carried out, according to the results of which it can be attributed to the hypoarctic type. The cluster analysis of the flora let to distinguish 3 clusters within the territory – the eastern one, with the flora of the moderately hypoarctic subtype, the central one and the southwestern one, the flora of which belongs to the hypoarcto-boreal subtype. Considerations concerning the history of the formation of the plateau flora are presented. Plant invasion on the Putorana plateau occurred both from the north, where Arctic species penetrated into the highlands, and from the south and west – these are boreal species mainly of the Eurasian and Asian fractions. A certain role in the formation of the flora is played by historical factors, especially the impact of the occurrence and melting of glaciations, which differ in different parts of the plateau.
The results of the floristic survey of Khatanga surroundings are given. A comparison of the flora's current state with the earlier changes in 1905–1955 and with data of regional floras is conducted. ...There are 58 species listed in these references, which we have not detected. We believe that they have disappeared from the flora, or there was confusion in determination of plant specimens, or there were errors in the geographical locations. We found 93 species, not mentioned in the cited sources. The total list includes currently 359 species of vascular plants. Changes in the flora are caused by natural processes (change of climate, the hydrological regime of rivers, etc.) аs well as by human transformation of the landscape. An analysis of the flora is conducted, on the basis of which we regard it as belonging to the Asian hypoarctoboreal subtype of the Hypoarctic type.
The local flora method has been used by Russian botanists for studying vast wilderness areas. The method strives to determine the total flora within a certain limited area and provides comparable ...data for spatial comparisons between different locations and temporal comparisons at the same location. Complete vascular plant diversity was sampled in 240 localities with an area between 100 and 300 km
2
each throughout the Russian Arctic. These data were incorporated in a specially developed Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). This database provides a unique opportunity to study spatial gradients of different floristic variables. Pairwise similarity of species composition and proportions of various phytogeographical groups in local floras were used in a floristic subdivision of the Russian Arctic. The floristic units derived by this method often resembled subprovinces of B.A. Yurtsev (1994. J. Veg. Sci. 5(6): 765–776), but there were also several areas of nonalignment. Application of local floras for monitoring of temporal changes has several constraints. However, nine local floras were revisited 20–70 years after the initial survey. Increases in the number of Boreal and Hypoarctic species were recorded in the southern local floras. Standardized methods and the use of modern technical tools for accurate documentation could enable use of this approach at observatories across the Arctic.
The analysis of long-term changes of mean annual temperatures and the active temperature sum over 80 years was carried out using data of the Khatanga meteorological station. Since the 1990s, an ...essential warming was observed, especially after 2000. The warming influence on vegetation takes place immediately (the ecosystem composition changes due to the degradation of cryogenic processes) as well as directly by increasing the time of the vegetation period and the total amount of heat on plants. As a result, in the last few years, the lead of phenological phenomena terms is observed – the time of foliage expansion and efflorescence of plants-indicators, geese arriving, mosquitos appearance, ice thawing. By long term monitoring data, the moving of some north-taiga plant species to forest tundra and tundra is observed, as well as their establishing in vegetation communities. However, at this moment, the character of the vegetation is stable. The occurrence of taiga animals is increased in tundra and forest tundra. An active revival of larch is observed in forest tundra and north sparse forests. A removing forest border to the north is not observed, but in the southern mountains of Taimyr its replacing on higher levels could be seen. A decreasing summer precipitation quantity increases the possibility of forest fires, spring and bog drying. It influences negatively on bog flora and near-water fauna. It is possible, that the main reason of the local climate change at the East of Taimyr is less connected to the global planet change, but much more to pulsations of the strong Siberian anticyclone.
The Norilsk industrial ore smelting complex (Taymyr Peninsula, Russian Federation) has significantly impacted many components of local terrestrial and aquatic environments. Whether it has had a major ...impact on the wider Russian Arctic remains controversial as studies are scarce. From 1986 to 2004, data on heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, Hg, Cd and Hg) concentrations in fish (burbot), moss, lichens, periphyton, hydric soils and snow in and around Norilsk and the most northern parts of the Taymyr Peninsula were analysed. Very high concentrations of Cu (203 Formula: see textg L − 1 ± 51 Formula: see textg L − 1) and Ni (113 Formula: see textg L − 1 ± 15 Formula: see textg L − 1) were found in the water of the Schuchya River close to Norilsk. Heavy metal concentrations in burbot liver were highest in Lake Pyasino near Norilsk compared to other study regions that were >100 km distant. From 1989–1996, Cu (121 Formula: see textg L − 1 ± 39 Formula: see textg L − 1 SD), Zn (150 Formula: see textg L − 1 ± 70 Formula: see textg L − 1) and Ni (149 Formula: see textg L − 1 ± 72 Formula: see textg L − 1) snow concentrations were greatest in Norilsk, but were low elsewhere. By 2004, these concentrations had dropped significantly, especially for Cu—74 Formula: see textg L − 1 (±18.7 Formula: see textg L − 1 SD), Zn—81.7 Formula: see textg L − 1 (±31.3 Formula: see textg L − 1 SD) and Ni—80 Formula: see textg L − 1 (±18.0 Formula: see textg L − 1 SD). Norilsk and its surroundings are subject to heavy pollution from the Norilsk metallurgical industry but these are absent from the greater Arctic region due to the prevailing winds and the Byrranga Mountains. Pollution abatement measures have been made so further investigations are necessary in order to assess their efficiency.
A list of new floristic findings in the north-west of the Putorana Plateau (Taimyr Municipal District of Krasnoyarsk Territory – TSR) discovered in 2018–2020 is presented. A brief description of the ...surveyed areas is given. The annotated lists of plants are given: 1) new species for the entire territory of the TSR (8 species: Poa vivipara (L.) Willd., Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb., Juncus stygius L., Astragalus gulemiensis Sytin et Pospelov, Vicia sepium L., Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz, Galium trifidum L., Saussurea purpurata (Fisch. ex Herder) Lipsch.; 2) species new to the Putorana Plateau (29 species, of which the most interesting are the findings of species included in the Red Data Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Carex spaniocarpa Steud., Rumex aureostigmaticus Kom., Oxytropis czekanowskiiJurtz., O. tichomirovii Jurtz., Taraxacum byrrangicum Ju. Kozhevn.); 3) new localities of the species rarely found in the TSR (24 species, including extremely rare Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó, Drosera × obovata Mert. et W. D. J. Koch,Potentilla drymeja Soják, Eritrichium sericeum (Lehm.) DC.).
Hawksweeds of the Putorana Plateau Tupitsyna, Natalia; Pospelov, Igor N.
Turczaninowia,
03/2021, Letnik:
24, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An overview of all hawkweeds (Hieracium L.) recorded on the Putorana Mountains is given. The list of floristic findings of the territory of the Plateau includes 3 new species (Hieracium czamyjashense ...Tupitz., H. pseudarctophilum Schljakov., H. pseudofariniramum Tupitz.). New localities are also given for the endemic species H. putoranicum Tupitz. and the rare species H. subfariniramum (Ganesch et. Zahn) Ȕksip ex Tupitz.. The coordinates of collection sites, dates of collection, habitats nature, area type and an ecological-cenotic confinedness are given for each species. The nomenclature is reviewed. Field studies were carried out in 2018 in the western part of the Putorana Mountains, on the western coast of Lake Sobachye (Yt-Kyuyol) near the mouth of the Nakhta River; in 2019 in the western part of the Putorana Mountains, in the vicinity of Talnakh Town, at the Red Rocks Natural Sanctuary of regional significance; in 2020 in the south-west of the Putorana Mountains, in the vicinity of the middle part of Lake Kutaramakan (mouth of the Irkingda River) on the territory of the Putoransky Nature Reserve and its protective zone. Moreover, the herbarium specimen of H. umbellatum L. from the vicinity of Snezhnogorsk Town is published.
Having conducted research in the basins of the Kotuy and Medvezh'ya Rivers, the phenomenon of palaeofloods in the south-eastern part of the Taymyr Peninsula has been identified for the first time. ...Beginning with the sub-boreal period of the Holocene, approximately 3900 years Before Present (BP), high waters and floods have been a constant occurrence in this region. The evidences thereof are as follows: (1) an absence of plant pollen and spores in the whole 10-meter formation of sediments in the second terrace above the flood plain of the Medvezh'ya River; (2) an absence of plant pollen and spores in the surface samples taken in a larch forest with upland soil near the geological cross-section that was investigated; (3) lithology and biostratigraphy of the investigated geological cross-section; and (4) contemporary hydrological activities and processes in the Kotuy-Medvezh'ya Rivers system.
The records of new localities of charophytes from the Yenisey Siberia and confirmations for the ones known before were summarized as a result of study both available herbarium collections and field ...studies during 2007–2021. The twenty species, including one novel genus and five novel species records, 59 new localities (67 % of its total number), 127 new populations (83 % of its total number) were found in this region. In particular, 12 species (incl. 3 novel ones for the region) are known from the Republic of Khakassia, 17 (7) – from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 12 (7) – from the Tuva Republic. The genus Chara is the most species-rich and frequent in the area of study. The taxonomic rank of C. arcuatifolia sensu Hollerb. et Krassavina is discussed. It seems to be a morphotype of C. globularis having clearly arcuate branchlets. Nitella tenuissima is a novel species record for Asian Russia. The charophyte northernmost locality on the continent was revealed. It belongs to C. virgata collected at Southern Taymyr. The novel locality of circumpolar species Tolypella canadensis, far distant from ones known before from Komi Republic and Republic of Yakutia, was found in this region too. The species occurrence in different ecoregions was estimated. The contemporary presence of some species after long intervals between observations from their first records was confirmed. The persistence of the same species in the same water bodies after a long period was revealed as evidence of stability of their populations, important for species protection. The loss of charophyte localities as a result of construction of large Krasnoyarskoe and Sayano-Shushenskoe water reservoirs is remarkable. The red lists for the regions studied were compiled and some species were suggested for protection. The important charophyte areas enabling protection of some species were revealed.
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