INTRODUCTION
. Occasionally a book appears which has a significant impact on the scholarly community. A fine example of this is the work considered here by the Australian international lawyer, Anthea ...Roberts. Until very recently, comparative studies on international law were rare. However, as international law further develops and widens, so special attention will need to be paid to ensure that international law students are, to a greater extent, taught the same material and in the same way. As municipal systems of law became more mature, so doctrine and jurisprudence began to diverge. International law has now entered such a phase in its development and, in this excellent book, Dr. Roberts asks a series of very important questions: exactly what is taking place, what are the factors that are driving these processes, is such to be welcomed, is it unstoppable and where do we go from here?
MATERIALS AND METHODS
. The article reflects on Anthea Roberts’ book “Is International Law International?” (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017). The authors of the article consider the contribution of the monograph to legal science, particularly with its interest in a revived Comparative International Law.
RESEARCH RESULTS.
The view of the authors of the article is that Anthea Roberts’ book is a work of profound significance, which will, hopefully, inspire additional research in the field of Comparative International Law in years to come.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
. Comparative International Law is a relatively neglected field in International Law. Without question, the international legal academy (from the elite law schools of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) emphasises different things both in its scholarly writings and pedagogy. This needs to be given greater attention, even if, at least for now, it cannot be entirely arrested; so that the much-feared fragmentation of international law into not only separate fields and standards, but also in terms of agreeing on its content and application, is minimised.
This paper focuses on the development of tools aiming to solve several problems related to the microwave interrogation signal in atomic fountains. We first consider the problem related to cycle ...synchronous phase transients caused by the sequential operation of the atomic fountain. To search for such systematic phase variations deeply buried in the microwave synthesizer phase noise, we have developed a novel triggered-phase transient analyzer capable of processing the microwave signal to extract the phase in a synchronous manner even in the presence of frequency modulation. With this device we check in vivo the LNE-SYRTE fountain's interrogation signals with a resolution approaching 1 microradian. In addition, using this device, we investigate an innovative approach to solve a second problem, namely, the shift caused by microwave leakage in the fountain. Our approach consists of switching off the fountain microwave interrogation signal when atoms are outside the microwave cavity. To do that, we have developed a switch that is almost free of phase transients and is thus able to eliminate the frequency shift caused by microwave leakage without inducing significant phase transients on the interrogation signal.
Introduction.The 8th edition of M. Shaw’s textbook on “International Law” (2017) provides an opportunity to reflect on how the most “burning” and complicated issues of contemporary International law ...are interpreted in the West and in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The materials for the article were the 8th edition of M. Shaw’s textbook on “International Law” (2017) in the context of the earlier relevant publications of the Russian and foreign scholars in the field of international law . The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special methods .Research results. Honesty becomes an imperative feature of contemporary textbooks on International law, hiding or distorting relevant facts are unacceptable. Naturally, the English language offers its own advantage (in respect of the much wider market that can access such a work), but Shaw’s textbook eschews the natural temptation to present an essentially anglocentric perspective in the work. It is imperative to avoid “International law” becoming “English International law” or “US International law” or “International laws”, meaning (normatively) quite different things across continents and jurisdictions. There is room for a theoretical discussion of such notions as “the Common Heritage of Mankind” (for example, is this a part of general International law? Or just a notion provided by some international agreements?) or specific territorial issues of International law. Still International law remains a coherent and unique regulator of international relations.Discussion and conclusions. The events of 1989-1991 have presented certain opportunities for International law research, but also tragedies for peoples and challenges for the International community. The break-up of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union engendered certain adjustments which, almost three decades on, are still not concluded. Perceived historical injustices have, in some instances, been attempted to be corrected. Inevitably, International law research includes consideration of the events in Ukraine since these events are the most important issue of the contemporary crisis in relations between the US/EU on the one side, and, on the other, the Russian Federation. The two opposite legal approaches are explained. According to Russian legal sources, the events of 2014 in Kiev are regarded as a coup d’état. According to Washington and the European Union (in contrast to the accusations provided in the book of the former Prime Minister of Ukraine Nikolay Azarov) the West did not intervene in the internal affairs of Ukraine in 2014 nor organize a coup in Kiev. Western legal sources ignore the very fact of the coup d’état in Kiev in February 2014. There may be different legal qualifications of a given real-life situation. Dropping of atomic bombs by the US on the Japanese towns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 was differently qualified by lawyers: some qualified it as a violation of International humanitarian law, while others, as a justified measure against Japan as an aggressor during World War II. The US military intervention in Iraq in 2003 without relevant UN Security Council resolutions was treated differently by the community of international lawyers. However, there are limits for a State’s Policy of International law, for practising International law. A message is suggested: the further organization from abroad of another coup d’état – in Kazakhstan, or in Belarus, or elsewhere – is unacceptable and contradictory to the Rule of Law. “Quieta non movere”.
This paper focuses on two effects due to the microwave interrogation signal imperfection. The first one deal with cycle synchronous phase transients due to the sequential operation of the atomic ...fountain. For the search of such a phase variations deeply buried in the synthesizer phase noise we have developed a triggered transient phase analyzer able to process the microwave signal in order to extract the phase in a synchronous fashion. With this device we check "in vivo" the FO2 interrogation signal with a resolution approaching 1microradian. Using this device we investigate a new generation of microwave switches able to reduce drastically the microwave leakage without inducing any phase transient on the microwave signal and we measure the microwave leakages on the FO2 atomic fountain at the 10 -16 .
Bartonian legacy Scott, A. Ian (Alastair Ian); Potier, Pierre; Barton, Derek
2000, 2000., 20001218, 2000-12-19
eBook, Book
The Bartonian Legacy is a collection of memoirs, reminiscences and biographical details regarding Sir Derek Barton (1918-1998) who was one of the most influential organic chemists of the 20th ...Century. The chapters are contributed by some of his many students, coworkers and scientific colleagues, all of whom testify to his fascinating character and true genius. It offers intimate glimpses at Sir Derek's scientific life, his sense of humor and his modus operandi as a teacher of research methods. The volume will serve as a valuable companion work to the more official biographies and obituaries, several of which have already been published.
The PHARAO cold atoms clock, which is scheduled to fly in 2007 with the ESA ACES mission, will be assembled and tested at the CNES facilities in Toulouse. Assembly of the engineering model has ...already started with electrical integration of the on-board computer and the microwave source. Verification of the metrological performances of both the engineering and flying models is one of the main challenges of integration activities. A test at the 10/sup -15/ level is needed to extrapolate the behaviour of the clock performances in space in the 10/sup -16/ range. The paper describes the detailed architecture and metrological features of this time and frequency test system with a preliminary evaluation of the metrological performances of the PHARAO microwave source.
Sealed bipolar Ni-Cd batteries Bronoel, G.; Tassin, N.; Rouget, R. ...
IEEE 35th International Power Sources Symposium,
1992
Conference Proceeding
Specific energies greater than 70 Wh-kg/sup -1/ can only be achieved for a 24 V Ni-Cd battery by reducing the weight of the bipolar collecting support. SORAPEC-NITECH has developed a lightweight foam ...substrate with which it is now possible to obtain bipolar electrodes with a collector thinner than 0.1 mm. These high volumetric energy density structures are well adapted for sealed battery applications. The performances of these batteries were studied as well as the optimization measures necessary to regulate the gas evolution in the cell during end of charge. The characteristic curves obtained with such cells during these tests are given.< >
Fishing strategies and tactics are related to the knowledge fishermen have about environment, to the behavior of the fish and to the socio-economical factors which affect the fishery. The fishermen ...knowledge is applied to the strategy (time scale from the trips - less than one month up to one year), and to the tactics which is the way fish are caught (time scale, fishing operations). The strategy of the Javanese fishermen is highly correlated with the monsoons regime. The alternation of these seasons induces changes in the abundance of fish in the Java Sea. Fishermen choose their fishing areas according to the fluctuation of the abundance. Before 1992, the trip strategy was to choose one fishing ground and to spend all the fishing days in this zone. Since then, some technical changes have appeared. All fishing vessels are now equipped with radio and the strategy is to prospect two or three fishing zones during one trip. (D'après résumé d'auteur)
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