Written by some of the leading figures in the fields of conversation analysis, discursive psychology and ethnomethodology, this book looks at the challenging implications of discourse-based ...approaches to the topic of cognition. This volume shows how cognition can be reworked using analyses of engaging examples of real life interaction such as conversations between friends, relationship counselling sessions and legal hearings. It includes an extended introduction that overviews the history and context of cognitive research and its basic assumptions to provide a frame for understanding the specific examples discussed, as well as surveying cutting edge debates about discourse and cognition. This comprehensive and accessible book opens up important ways of understanding the relation between language and cognition.
Introduction
Emotionography studies emotion: (a) as it occurs naturally in display, reception, attribution, and avowal; (b) within and across diverse stretches of interaction and varied institutional ...contexts; (c) grounded purposefully in the perspectives of the interactants as those perspectives are displayed in real-time through unfolding talk; (d) using materials that are recorded and transcribed in sufficient precision to capture the granularity consequential for the interactants. We overview contemporary research on “mixed emotion” highlighting theoretical and methodological issues and explore the potential of emotionography as a generative alternative.
Methods
The analysis will use contemporary conversation analysis and discursive psychology to illuminate the workings of organized helping using a collection of recordings from a child protection helpline all of which include laughter alongside crying.
Results
Analysis shows, on the one hand, how crying and upset display the caller's stance on the trouble being reported, and mark its action-relevant severity; on the other, how laughter manages ongoing parallel issues such as advice resistance. We show that the “mixture” is public and pragmatic, displaying different concerns and stances, and dealing with different issues; all is in the service of action.
Discussion
When analyzing the specifics of interaction, the concept of “mixed emotion” loses clarity, and it is more accurate to observe competing pragmatic endeavors being pursued in an intricately coordinated fashion. These practices would not be captured by conventional emotion measurement tools such as scales, vignettes, or retrospective interviews. Broader implications for theories of emotion and methods of emotion research are discussed.
This article is focused on the nature of directives. It draws on Curl and Drew's (2008) analysis of entitlement and contingency in request types and applies this to a corpus of directives that occur ...in UK family mealtimes involving parents and young children (three–eight-year-olds).While requests are built as contingent to varying degrees on the recipient's willingness or ability to comply, directives embody no orientation to the recipient's ability or desire to perform the relevant activity. This lack of orientation to ability or desire may be what makes them recognizable as directives. When examining directives in sequence the contingencies were successively reduced or managed during the delivery of the directive, thereby treating contingencies as a resource of the speaker rather than of the recipient. In a sense the entitlement claimed is 'to tell' rather than 'to ask'. In sequences involving multiple/repeated directives, non-compliance led to upgraded (more entitled and less contingent) directives. The difference in the entitlement claimed, the response options available and the trajectory of multiple requests/directives suggests that participants orient to requests and directives as different actions, rather than more or less forceful formulations of the same.
One of the most basic topics in social psychology is the way one agent influences the behaviour of another. This paper will focus on threats, which are an intensified form of attempted behavioural ...influence. Despite the centrality to the project of social psychology, little attention has been paid to threats. This paper will start to rectify this oversight. It reviews early examples of the way social psychology handles threats and highlights key limitations and presuppositions about the nature and role of threats. By contrast, we subject them to a programme of empirical research. Data comprise video records of a collection of family mealtimes that include preschool children. Threats are recurrent in this material. A preliminary conceptualization of features of candidate threats from this corpus will be used as an analytic start point. A series of examples are used to explicate basic features and dimensions that build the action of threatening. The basic structure of the threats uses a conditional logic: if the recipient continues problem action/does not initiate required action then negative consequences will be produced by the speaker. Further analysis clarifies how threats differ from warnings and admonishments. Sequential analysis suggests threats set up basic response options of compliance or defiance. However, recipients of threats can evade these options by, for example, reworking the unpleasant upshot specified in the threat, or producing barely minimal compliance. The implications for broader social psychological concerns are explored in a discussion of power, resistance, and asymmetry; the paper ends by reconsidering the way social influence can be studied in social psychology.
Potter J. Evaluating regional competitiveness policies: insights from the New Economic Geography, Regional Studies. This paper examines the relevance of theoretical insights emerging from the New ...Economic Geography (NEG) for the evaluation of regional competitiveness policies. The major value of the NEG for evaluation is that it offers a clear theory of change on how policy can be expected to impact on regional competitiveness and a theoretical framework for considering potential impacts on national growth as well as spatial equity. Its insights can inform the questions that evaluators pose and the processes they seek to measure. NEG ideas on the influences on competitiveness and their outcomes suggest several new evaluation challenges, including extending the scope of the activities evaluated, assessing interrelationships among regions, assessing impacts on net agglomeration economies, evaluating the trade-off between growth and equity, and understanding threshold effects.
Potter J. Évaluation des politiques de compétitivité régionale: point sur la nouvelle géographie économique, Regional Studies. Cet article examine la pertinence des informations théoriques émergeant de la nouvelle géographie économique (NEG) pour évaluer les politiques de compétitivité régionale. L'intérêt principal de la NEG pour cette évaluation réside dans le fait qu'elle offre une théorie précise du changement et sur l'impact que l'on peut attendre de la politique sur la compétitivité régionale et un cadre théorique permettant de considérer les impacts potentiels sur la croissance nationale et sur l'équité spatiale. Ces informations peuvent répondre aux questions que les évaluateurs se posent et sur les processus qu'ils essayent de mesurer. Les idées de la NEG concernant les influences sur la compétitivité et leurs résultats suggèrent plusieurs nouveaux défis pour l'évaluation, y compris l'extension du domaine des activités évaluées, l'évaluation des relations entre régions, l'évaluation des impacts sur les économies d'agglomération nettes, l'évaluation des arbitrages entre la croissance et l'équité et la connaissance des effets de seuil.
Compétitivité régionale Politique régionale Évaluation Nouvelle géographie économique
Potter J. Bewertung regionaler Wettbewerbspolitiken: Einblicke der neuen Wirtschaftsgeografie, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie relevant die theoretischen Einblicke der neuen Wirtschaftsgeografie für die Bewertung der regionalen Wettbewerbspolitiken sind. Der wichtigste Wert der neuen Wirtschaftsgeografie liegt darin, dass sie eine klare Theorie der Veränderung im Zusammenhang mit der Frage bietet, inwieweit von der Politik Auswirkungen auf die regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu erwarten sind, und dass sie einen theoretischen Rahmen zur Untersuchung der potenziellen Auswirkungen auf das landesweite Wachstum sowie auf das räumliche Gleichgewicht liefert. Diese Einblicke können sich auf die von Bewertern gestellten Fragen sowie auf die von ihnen zu messenden Verfahren auswirken. Die Ideen der neuen Wirtschaftsgeografie über die Einflüsse der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und ihre Ergebnisse in diesem Zusammenhang legen mehrere neue Bewertungsmethoden nahe, darunter eine Erweiterung des Umfangs der bewerteten Aktivitäten, eine Bewertung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Regionen, eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen auf Netto-Agglomerationswirtschaften, eine Bewertung des Ausgleichs zwischen Wachstum und Gleichgewicht sowie ein Verständnis der Schwelleneffekte.
Regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Regionalpolitik Bewertung Neue Wirtschaftsgeografie
Potter J. Evaluación de las políticas de competitividad regional: ideas de la nueva geografía económica, Regional Studies. En este artículo examino la importancia de las ideas teóricas que surgen de la nueva geografía económica para la evaluación de las políticas competitivas regionales. El principal valor de la nueva geografía económica para la evaluación consiste en que ofrece una clara teoría de cambio en cuanto a cómo puede repercutir la política en la competitividad regional y una estructura teórica para considerar los posibles efectos en el crecimiento nacional y en la igualdad espacial. Esta perspectiva puede responder a las preguntas que plantean los evaluadores y los procesos que quieren medir. Las ideas de la nueva geografía económica sobre las influencias que se ejercen en la competitividad y sus resultados indican varios retos nuevos de evaluación, entre ellos una ampliación del alcance de las actividades evaluadas, la valoración de las interrelaciones entre las regiones, la valoración del efecto en las economías netas de aglomeración, la valoración de la compensación entre el crecimiento y la igualdad y la comprensión de los efectos umbrales.
Competitividad regional Política regional Evaluación Nueva geografía económica
Hammer sley (2003) criticizes a particular style of discourse research for developing as a distinct paradigm, yet lacking the coherence a paradigm would require. He suggests a range of problems in ...relation to constructionism, reflexivity and the 'thin' model of the human actor, and argues instead for methodological eclecticism in which discourse analytic methods are supplementary to alternatives. This commentary highlights a range of confusions and misunderstandings in this critique. In particular, it highlights the way discourse analytic work is connected to a range of theoretical notions, most fundamentally in its theorizing of discourse itself as a medium oriented to action. It identifies important sources of incoherence that can arise when mixing discourse analytic and more traditional methods. It reiterates the virtues of constructionism, particularly when considering the operation of descriptions, stresses the value of exploring (rather than ignoring) reflexive issues, and emphasizes the rich and nuanced approach to psychology that has been developed in this tradition.
Urban trees sequester carbon into biomass and provide many ecosystem service benefits aboveground leading to worldwide tree planting schemes. Since soils hold ∼75% of ecosystem organic carbon, ...understanding the effect of urban trees on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil properties that underpin belowground ecosystem services is vital. We use an observational study to investigate effects of three important tree genera and mixed-species woodlands on soil properties (to 1 m depth) compared to adjacent urban grasslands. Aboveground biomass and belowground ecosystem service provision by urban trees are found not to be directly coupled. Indeed, SOC enhancement relative to urban grasslands is genus-specific being highest under Fraxinus excelsior and Acer spp., but similar to grasslands under Quercus robur and mixed woodland. Tree cover type does not influence soil bulk density or C∶N ratio, properties which indicate the ability of soils to provide regulating ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and flood mitigation. The trends observed in this study suggest that genus selection is important to maximise long-term SOC storage under urban trees, but emerging threats from genus-specific pathogens must also be considered.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Making psychology relevant POTTER, JONATHAN
Discourse & society,
09/2005, Letnik:
16, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article describes some key features of a discursive psychological approach. In particular, discursive psychology is analytically focused on the way psychological phenomena are practical, ...accountable, situated, embodied and displayed. It describes its particular version of constructionism and its distinctive approach to cognition as points of contrast with a range of other perspectives, including critical discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. Finally, it describes three areas where discursive psychology is involved with social critique: work on categories and prejudice, issues to do with cognitivism and its problems, and work developing a discursive psychology of institutions.
In this article, we focus on the activities done by the recipients of crying. In the analysis, we work with a corpus of calls from a child protection helpline in which the caller shows features of ...crying (14 calls, or about 10% of the total). Our focus is on two kinds of crying receipts made by child protection officers (CPOs) that are rare in noncrying calls but recurrent in crying calls: take-your-times (TYTs) and empathic receipts (ERs). TYTs are used in environments in which the caller displays an attempt to but failure to articulate talk. This can be shown by inappropriate silence, wet sniffs, sobs, and turn constructional units that are either incomplete or disrupted by sobs, sniffs, or whispering. TYTs offer a license for the late delivery of talk and are affiliative. ERs can replace TYTs but are more common in environments in which callers are unresponsive to CPO actions such as advice giving. ERs have two elements-a formulation of the crying party's mental state and some sort of marker of the contingency of the mental state formulations. The mental state element is built from local features of the caller's talk (displays and metaformulations of upset), and issues of accuracy are managed through the epistemic contingency maker (most of ten treating the formulation as based on hearing). We discuss broader implications of this work for conceptions of empathy.
This research was supported by a fellowship from the UK Leverhulme Trust granted to Alexa Hepburn. We thank audience members for helpful feedback at seminars in the University of Surrey, March 2004; Lund University, June 2004; University of Rome, La Sapienza, July 2004; University of York, November 2004; University of Bath, March 2005; Jyvaskyla Yliopisto, March 2005; and the University of Northampton, October 2005. We are particularly grateful to the callers and child protection officers at the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children for allowing us access to their calls. We have benefitted immensely from a series of discussions with Jess Harris about her research on crying in medical settings and from comments on an earlier draft by Derek Edwards.
Batel and Castro propose a reconciliation of social representation theory and discursive psychology. This comment highlights the continuing relevance of long‐standing critiques of social ...representation theory from discursive psychologists as well as their central focus on both how representations are built to appear factual and the role of representations in practices. It suggests that the analytic approaches proposed by Batel and Castro (e.g., focus groups and thematic analysis) are not sufficient to the analytic task. The proposed ‘Pragmatic Discourse Analysis’ falls short on its central task of identifying pragmatics. The virtues of working with naturalistic data using methods that attend to the action orientation of talk and text are pressed.
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