•Pullulan based zolmitriptan loaded oral thin film (OTF) was developed by solvent casting method.•Influence of plasticizers and sweeteners on pullulan based OTF were identified.•Factorial design was ...used to optimize levels of PEG 400 and sucralose on pullulan’s OTF.•OTF’s mechanical properties, in-vitro dissolution and palatability were evaluated.•Through stability study, its storage condition was recognized.
The goal of study was to formulate and characterize pullulan based oral thin film (OTF) of zolmitriptan by solvent casting method. Based on preliminary trials, glass, PEG 400 and sucralose were selected as casting surface, water-miscible plasticizer and sweetener for OTF, respectively. A 32 factorial design was used to study the effect of amount of PEG 400 (X1) and sucralose (X2) as independent variables on tensile strength (Y1), elasticity (Y2), % in-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 at 5min (Q5min, Y3) and overall taste of OTF (Y4) as responses. OTF of batch F4 (PEG 400, 200mg; sucralose, 12mg) was identified as an optimized batch showing in-vitro, in-vivo disintegration time 20.70 and 21.58s, respectively; 95.53% Q5min; satisfactory thickness, strength, % elongation, ease of handling, smooth mouthfeel, excellent overall taste; even distribution of all ingredients in pullulan OTF (SEM study); and stable film at specified conditions concluding that pullulan, PEG 400 and sucralose are used in combination to make palatable, stable OTF of zolmitriptan.
Rod-shaped mesogenic hydrazide (series I) derivatives have been synthesised by the Schotten-Baumann reaction of 4-chlorobenzhydrazide with 4-n-alkoxybenzoyl chloride using pyridine as a solvent. ...Rod-shaped mesogenic hydrazide (series I) have been cyclised to bent-shaped mesogenic oxadiazole (series II) and thiadiazole (series III) derivatives using POCl
3
and P
2
S
5
, respectively. The synthesised compounds are characterised by a combination of elemental analysis and standard spectroscopic methods. All the compounds of present series I-III exhibit smectic A mesophase. The mesomorphic properties of the present series I-III are compared with each other and with the other structurally related mesogenic homologous series to evaluate the effect of bent-shape and different heterocyclic moiety on mesomorphism.
The conventional H-shaped symmetrical dimeric liquid crystalline compounds were synthesised and their thermotropic properties were studied by hot-stage of a polarising microscope. These compounds ...consist of azoester-ether mesogenic unit with different polar-terminal substituents (-NO
2
and -Cl) for series I and series II, interconnected through flexible spacer (n = 4) via ether linking unit to itself at the lateral hydroxyl position of azoesters. All these compounds were characterised by combination of elemental analysis and standard spectroscopic methods. These compounds were found to exhibit monotropic smectic A or smectic C and/or unknown smectic X mesophases. The effect of different terminal substituents on mesomorphism is discussed.
We conducted a prospective study (between November 2013 and January 2015) to identify "foot at risk" in the diabetic renal transplant patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Patients (151) ...were divided into three groups: diabetic transplant recipients (n = 42), new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) (n = 59), and controls (nondiabetic renal transplant recipients) (n = 50). Foot neuropathy and vasculopathy were assessed by standard methods. Patients with "at risk" feet were given foot care advice. Of the 151 patients, 144 patients were male and seven were female with a male:female ratio of 20:1. Peripheral neuropathy was present among 42.9% of diabetic transplant patients, 35.6% of NODAT patients, and 12% of control patients. Vasculopathy was present in 28.6% of diabetic transplant patients, 23.7% of NODAT patients, and 2% of control patients. On multivariate analysis, patient′s age, mean time interval since transplantation, and HbA1c levels were significantly associated with neuropathy, whereas the duration of diabetes and vibration perception threshold was associated with vasculopathy. After undergoing renal transplantation, a significant number of diabetic and NODAT patients has their "feet at risk" who in future may develop full-blown lesions of the diabetic foot. Proper advice to patients and information to the treating doctor helps to mitigate the risk.
A series of asymmetrical liquid crystal dimers (E)-4((4(n(1,1'-biphenyl-4-yloxy)alkoxy)phenyl) diazenyl)benzonitrile (BpnCN) were synthesized, consisting of two distinct rigid cores: ...4-cyanoazobenzene and biphenyl units. Characterization was accomplished through various spectroscopic techniques. The mesomorphic properties were explored via polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. UV-Visible spectroscopy assessed the photophysical properties. The presence of an even number of atoms in the flexible spacer resulted in linear molecular shapes for Bp4CN and Bp6CN, while Bp3CN and Bp5CN showed nonlinearity, explaining their non-mesomorphic properties. Computational studies showed a clear correlation between theoretical and experimental wave numbers. The enhanced stability of the mesophase in Bp4CN and Bp6CN was attributed to their higher aspect ratios, promoting ordered structures within the material. UV-visible spectroscopy of dimer Bp4CN revealed absorption bands at 445 nm (n-π* transitions) and 365 nm (π-π* transitions), with photoisomerization observed under UV exposure, reaching a photostationary state in 2.5 min and reversible isomerization back to the trans form in approximately 2.3 h. Notably, even in the absence of substitutions on the biphenyl core, the dimers in our present series demonstrated an enantiotropic nematic mesophase.
Symptoms of yellow discoloration, curling of leaves, and little leaves with excessive branching were observed on Withania somnifera and Capsicum annum plants, with an average incidence of 5 and 8%, ...respectively, in Hardoi District of Uttar Pradesh, India during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The little leaf and excessive branching suggested the possibility of phytoplasma association. However, the presence of whiteflies in the vicinity and leaf curling suggested begomovirus infection. Three leaf samples from Withania
somnifera and Capsicum annum symptomatic plants and one from non-symptomatic leaf were used for DNA isolation and were subjected to PCR using P1/P6 primers and nested PCR R16F2n/R16r2 primers, respectively, for the detection of phytoplasma. The begomovirus coat protein-specific primer AV1F/AV1R was used to detect begomovirus infection. Nested PCR amplified the ∼1.2 kb amplicon in all six symptomatic leaves and no amplification was observed in non-symptomatic leaves. The CP region primer yielded ∼800 bp amplicons in all three symptomatic samples of each plant. Amplified products from both primers were eluted, purified, and sequenced. The phytoplasma sequence obtained from Withania somnifera (MH789552) shared the highest sequence identity (99.92%) with other isolates of a clover proliferation group (16SrVI-D) group of phytoplasmas. However, Capsicum annum plants shared the highest identity (99%) with the Ca. P. asteris-related (16SrI-B) group of phytoplasma. In silico RFLP analysis of the 1.2 kbp product of the 16S rRNA sequence of the W. somnifera and C. annum phytoplasma strains submitted to the pDRAW32 tool (
https://www.acaclone.com/
) and phylogenetic analysis through the MEGA 6.0 tool confirmed that it as a member of the 16SrVI-D subgroup and 16SrI-B subgroup, respectively. The CP gene sequence of the W. somnifera isolate (MW176071) showed maximum identity (99%) with several isolates of the Tomato leaf curl virus reported from various places in India. However, the C. annum isolate (MW420480) shared maximum identity with the Ageratum enation virus. The investigation confirmed the mixed infection of ToLCV and 16SrVI-D group phytoplasma in the W. somnifera plant and 16SrI-B alongwith AEV in C. annum plants.
First lactation records of 3068 Mehsana buffaloes sired by 118 sires, under field progeny testing programme distributed in different 149 villages of 14 talukas maintained at Dudhsagar Research and ...Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana over a period of 24 years (1989-2012) were used to estimate least squares means and heritability of fertility traits like, first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI) and daughter pregnancy rate (DPR). The least squares means of these traits were found to be 189.05±3.34 days, 472.97±2.87 days and 31.08±0.59%, respectively. Non genetic factors such as age at first calving and period of calving were found to have highly significant effect on all the traits, whereas, cluster found to be non-significant for FSP and significant for FCI and DPR. Heritability were estimated for FSP, FCI and DPR as 0.02±0.02, 0.004±0.015 and 0.095±0.031; 0.04±0.03, 0.026±0.024 and 0.089±0.032; and 0.01±0.02, 0.032±0.026 and 0.095±0.034 by LSML, BLUP-SM and BLUP-AM, respectively. BLUP-AM was found to be the best model for heritability estimation based on error variance and BLUP-AM gave highly significant and more accurate results than BLUP-SM and LSML in Mehsana buffaloes.
•Heat transfer optimization in parallel rectangular microchannel heat sink.•Varying fin height exhibits distinct flow behavior.•Increasing fin height favors heat transfer enhancement up to certain ...height.•Compared to completely closed heat sink, slightly open microchannel has better potential to dissipate more heat.
Heat transfer and fluid flow behavior have been studied numerically in rectangular parallel microchannel heat sinks with varying fin height. Seven different cases have been considered by varying the fin heights from 0.4 to 1.0 mm. Completely closed heat sink (conventional configuration) of 1.0 mm fin height is one of the cases while remaining six heat sink configurations hold open space between fin top surfaces and cover wall. Three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations were carried out for the range of operating parameters where heat flux varied from 100 to 500 kW/m2 and Reynolds number from 100 to 400. Single phase liquid water flows as coolant in the heat sink to remove heat. Optimization of fin height has been done to achieve maximum heat transfer rate and overall thermal performance of the heat sink. It has been observed that proposed design of the heat sinks facilitate distinct heat dissipation capacity and fluid flow characteristics. Predicted results i.e. temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient pressure drop and velocity profile clearly reveal that heat transfer increases with increasing fin height however, heat sinks of considerably shorter fin heights (0.4 – 0.6 mm) have less potential to transfer heat. Pressure drop also increases with fin height because flow obstruction rises. It has been found that heat sink of fin height 0.8 mm exhibits maximum heat transfer which is even higher than fin heights of 0.9 mm and 1.0 mm (completely closed heat sink). Net convective surface area and typical flow behavior caused by available open space have been identified as major reasons to influence the overall thermal performance of the proposed heat sinks.
Two VO(V) complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Their structural features have been assessed and in vitro anti diabetic activity is also reported.
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Two new ...dioxidovanadium(V) complexes V(O)2(L)Him 1 and V(O)2(L)H2Meim 2, incorporating tridentate ligand Nicotinic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide (H2L) and imidazoles (Him = imidazole and H2Meim = methylimidazole) was substantiated. The crystal structures of both complexes were solved by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In both complexes, the V(V) center is coordinated by ONO donar set of L2- ligand and two oxido groups in a distorted square pyramidal geometry. UV–visible spectra, infrared spectra and electrochemical properties of both complexes were also reported. Room temperature magnetic susceptibility was performed to disclose the diamagnetic nature of complexes 1 and 2. The quantum chemical calculations authenticated the molecular structures and reactivity of the complexes. Antidiabetic activities of the complexes have also been investigated. An antidiabetic feature like α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition studies made them promising agents as inhibitors of insulin enzyme.
Titanium diboride's thermo-physical and ultrasonic properties are theoretically studied at various pressures. The Lennard–Jones Potential model technique approach is used to evaluate the second and ...third-order elastic constants (SOECs and TOECs) of TiB
2
compound at different pressures (0–100GPa). The evaluated SOECs are used to determine particular orientation with the unique axis. The pressure-dependent elastic constants are studied, and it was observed that the elastic constants of the titanium diboride compound increase monotonically as pressure increases. The hexagonal TiB
2
compound is mechanically stable at pressures according to Born elastic stability criteria. The hardness, ultrasonic attenuation, thermal conductivity, anisotropy constants, ultrasonic velocity and melting point of TiB
2
compound are evaluated using estimated SOECs. The computation has been also satisfactory in estimating the density, lattice characteristics and Debye temperature under various pressures. The Voigt–Reuss–Hill method was used to compute elastic constants such as Young's modulus (Y), bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G), and Poisson's ratio under the same pressure range.
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