•Preparation of pH sensitive succinyl chitosan/alginate core-shell nanoparticles.•Nanoparticles used diabetes treatment show 90nm size with −24mV zeta potential.•∼95% quercetin encapsulation with ...self-sustained release following non-fickian trend.•Pronounced hypoglycaemic effect and maintenance of glucose homeostasis in diabetics.•Safe, non-toxic, polymeric drug carriers for diabetes treatment.
The study aims for development of an efficient polymeric carrier for evaluating pharmaceutical potentialities in modulating the drug profile of quercetin (QUE) in anti-diabetic research. Alginate and succinyl chitosan are focused in this investigation for encapsulating quercetin into core-shell nanoparticles through ionic cross linking. The FT-IR, XRD, NMR, SEM, TEM, drug entrapment and loading efficiency are commenced to examine the efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles in successful quercetin delivery. Obtained results showed the minimum particle size of ∼91.58nm and ∼95% quercetin encapsulation efficiently of the particles with significant pH sensitivity. Kinetics of drug release suggested self-sustained QUE release following the non-fickian trend. A pronounced hypoglycaemic effect and efficient maintenance of glucose homeostasis was evident in diabetic rat after peroral delivery of these quercetin nanoparticles in comparison to free oral quercetin. This suggests the fabrication of an efficient carrier of oral quercetin for diabetes treatment.
With numerous pharmacological and biological functions bio-flavonoids gain appreciable attention in diabetes and other therapeutic research. Among several beneficial flavonoids quercetin exhibits ...impressive hypoglycemic effects, with significant improvement, stabilization of long sustaining insulin secretion and regeneration of human islets in the pancreas without producing serious health hazards. However, in oral delivery poor solubility, stability in biological milieu, low permeation, short biological half-life, and insignificant bioavailability limit its wide application in anti diabetic research. Over the last few decades polymeric carrier systems have been widely studied for improvement of quercetin bioavailability. Natural polymers are more preferred in this regard as they possess several favourable properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesiveness, non-immunogenicity and non-toxicity. This review focuses on quercetin in anti-diabetic research and the progress in the synthesis of polymer-based formulations for efficient quercetin delivery, with an emphasis on producing an improved biological efficacy of the flavonoid. Diabetic complications, probable mechanisms of quercetin absorption, regulation and anti diabetic effects, obstacles to produce desired bio-efficacy and possible remedies are also brought into focus. To overcome these barriers encapsulation of quercetin within various safe polymeric vehicles are discussed. Further, this review sheds light on enhancing the efficacy of quercetin in novel ways for successful diabetes treatment and others.
With numerous pharmacological and biological functions bio-flavonoids gain appreciable attention in diabetes and other therapeutic research.
Background. Miltefosine is the only oral drug available for treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which was shown to have an efficacy of 94% in a phase III trial in the Indian ...subcontinent. Its unrestricted use has raised concern about its continued effectiveness. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of miltefosine for the treatment of VL after a decade of use in India. Methods. An open-label, noncomparative study was performed in which 567 patients received oral miltefosine (50 mg for patients weighing <25 kg, 100 mg in divided doses for those weighing ≥25 kg, and 2.5 mg per kg for those aged <12 years, daily for 28 days) in a directly observed manner. Patients were followed up for 6 months to see the response to therapy. Results. At the end of treatment the initial cure rate was 97.5% (intention to treat), and 6 months after the end of treatment the final cure rate was 90.3%. The overall death rate was 0.9% (5 of 567), and 2 deaths were related to drug toxicity. Gastrointestinal intolerance was frequent (64.5%). The drug was interrupted in 9 patients (1.5%) because of drug-associated adverse events. Conclusions. As compared to the phase III trial that led to registration of the drug a decade ago, there is a substantial increase in the failure rate of oral miltefosine for treatment of VL in India.
Let
s and
z be complex variables,
Γ
(
s
)
the Gamma function, and
(
s
)
ν
=
Γ
(
s
+
ν
)
Γ
(
s
)
for any complex
ν the generalized Pochhammer symbol. The principal aim of the paper is to investigate ...the function
E
α
,
β
γ
,
q
(
z
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
γ
)
q
n
Γ
(
α
n
+
β
)
z
n
n
!
,
where
α
,
β
,
γ
∈
C
;
Re
(
α
)
>
0
,
Re
(
β
)
>
0
,
Re
(
γ
)
>
0
and
q
∈
(
0
,
1
)
∪
N
. This is a generalization of the exponential function
exp
(
z
)
, the confluent hypergeometric function
Φ
(
γ
,
α
;
z
)
, the Mittag-Leffler function
E
α
(
z
)
, the Wiman's function
E
α
,
β
(
z
)
and the function
E
α
,
β
γ
(
z
)
defined by Prabhakar. For the function
E
α
,
β
γ
,
q
(
z
)
its various properties including usual differentiation and integration, Laplace transforms, Euler (Beta) transforms, Mellin transforms, Whittaker transforms, generalised hypergeometric series form, Mellin–Barnes integral representation with their several special cases are obtained and its relationship with Laguerre polynomials, Fox
H-function and Wright hypergeometric function is also established.
One new homologous series of mesogenic compounds containing imine (-CH = N-) and ester (-COO-) linkages as well as lateral thiol (−SH) group and terminal alkoxy chain was synthezised. Molecules in ...the present work was convinced with respective right structure confirmed with FT-IR,
1
H-NMR and
13
C-NMR spectroscopy. Thermotropic properties of the compounds were investigated on a hot-stage plate of a polarising optical microscope and further by differential scanning calorimetry. All the compounds of the series exhibited excellent liquid crystalline nature. Structure-property relationships, the influence of different flexible spacers and the mesophase ranges were studied. Computational studies and the electron density method was performed with B3LYP method for all molecular structures in present work. The mesophase ranges were found to be dependent on the length and flexibility of the alkoxy chain, as well as the presence of the lateral thiol group. The comparative study of the present series with the geometrically related series provided valuable insights into the effect of molecular shape on the mesomorphic properties.
In the current study, two new unsymmetrical liquid crystalline homologous series of dimers with a rigid biphenyl core were synthesised using an ether-linking group. Several spectroscopic methods, ...including FT-IR,
1
H-NMR,
13
C-NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry, were used to describe the synthesized dimers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarised optical microscopy (POM) were used to assess their mesomorphic properties. The results showed that the number of methylene spacers significantly affected the thermal properties of the synthesized dimers. To ascertain photophysical behaviour, UV-Visible spectroscopy was employed. Nematic-type mesophase patterns with good mesophase range and thermal stability were seen in both series. Dimers with flexible spacers (
n
= 2, 4, 6) had the best liquid crystalline nature out of all the dimers. The relationships between structure and its mesogenic property, the effects of various flexible spacers, the mesophase ranges, and the photo-isomerization of liquid crystalline dimers were all investigated. DFT Studies were carried out to gain a better understanding of structural features.
Abiotic stress is recurrent occurring problem for sugarcane crop in terms of hindrance in achieving good and high production. In India, drought coverage is 2.97 lakh ha while 2.5 lakh ha under ...coverage of waterlogging which is one of the reasons behind low cane production and productivity due to alteration in metabolism, growth and development of the plant either in direct or indirect way. Therefore, we investigated the comparison of morphological losses in drought and waterlogging sugarcanes. Morphological parameters assessed were leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, stalk diameter, cane height, cane weight, internodes number and average internodal length. Also, total root weight, dry matter production of stalk, leaves and roots were observed. Results showed that leaf length was marginally increased in drought canes but it was not so in case of waterlogged canes. Besides, there was decrease in total root weight of sugarcane affected by drought by 16.99% while there was increase by 10.06% in waterlogging affected canes in comparison to normal grown canes. In cane height and stalk diameter, decrease by 18.28%, 7.52%, respectively, in drought and 11.41%, marginal decrease, respectively, in waterlogged affected canes as compared to normally grown canes. Average internodal length was also found to increase in both drought as well as waterlogged canes by 39.02% and 36.60%, respectively, in comparison to normal grown canes. Number of internodes was decreased more in drought affected canes than in waterlogged canes. This study concluded that there are higher morphological losses in sugarcane in drought condition than in waterlogging conditions with respect to normal grown canes.
•The study analysed 16 new non-symmetric dimers and confirmed their structures.•All the dimers showed enantiotropic mesophase with a pronounced odd-even effect.•Nematic phase stability was influenced ...by spacer length.•cis-trans photoisomerization was observed.•Computational analysis provided insights into the dimers' electronic structure.
The synthesis and properties of two new mesogenic homologous series comprising of sixteen unsymmetrical dimers of cyanoazobenzene and azo/azomethine naphthalene are described. Their right structure was confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR , 13CNMR , and elemental analysis. On the polarising optical microscope (POM), their thermotropic properties were examined and further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All sixteen dimers exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase. The relationship between the nematic-isotropic transition temperature and the structures of dimers was discussed. A view of their photochromic behaviour was gained by UV–visible spectroscopy. The 6–31 g (d, p) basis set is combined with the B3LYP functional, which is used for computational studies of all the dimers. The examination of Electrostatic Potential (ESP) and optical characteristics also yielded important information about the electronic structure.
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•New LC dimers with azo or azomethine naphthalene synthesized and characetrized.•Even-spacer dimers are nematogenic, whereas odd-spacer dimers are non-mesogenic.•Structure-property relationship ...discussed for synthesized dimers of both series.•NpAmDn series exhibits wider mesophase ranges than NPAzDn.•DFT analyzed, structure optimized, and vibrational frequencies studied.•Azo dimers undergo photoisomerization when exposed to 360 nm light.
The reactions of different α,ω-dibromo alkanes with (E)-4-(naphthalen-2-yldiazenyl)phenol and (E)-4-(naphthalen-2-ylimino)methyl)phenol, respectively, led to the synthesis of two new homologous series of liquid crystalline symmetrical dimers with azobenzene or azomethine central linkage and containing the naphthalene moiety as a rigid core. Spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis confirmed their structure. These dimers exhibited mesomorphic phases, studied through POM and DSC. Their photophysical behaviour was explored using UV–visible spectroscopy. Remarkably, dimers with even spacer units (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) displayed excellent liquid crystalline properties as nematic phases, with extended mesophase lengths and thermal stability for both series. The study revealed the vital role of spacer length in determining liquid crystalline behaviour. The computational studies employed the B3LYP method and electron density method for optimization.
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A field experiment was conducted on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) for assessing the sustainability of yield with optimum irrigation schedule based on soil moisture depletion. Four irrigation ...treatments: Irrigation at I1:20%, I2:30%, I3:40% and I4:50% of soil moisture depletion rate in main plots and three fertilizer treatments: Fertigation at F1:100%, F2:80% and F3:60% of recommended NPK (100:25:40 kg/ha) in subplots were tested. Soil matric potential was recorded continuously using electronic tensiometers. The soil moisture characteristics curve was derived for various soil matric potential value sand the soil water content. The irrigation controller triggered solenoid valves for irrigation when soil moisture depletion reached a prespecified level in each treatment. Soil moisture depletion values were significantly predicted based on a regression model calibrated for each treatment over the crop growing period. The model gave minimum prediction error (PE) for I1, followed by I2, I3 and I4, respectively. Plant growth and yield parameters were significantly influenced by the soil moisture availability under each treatment. It is recommended that irrigation be scheduled at 20% soil moisture depletion rate together with 100% NPK fertilizer application for attaining sustainable yield of okra (12.3 t/ha), apart from maximum WUE (3.5 kg/m3) and plant growth parameters under semiarid inceptisols.
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