Sunflower line with resistance for downy mildew (Ha-26R) and susceptible line (Ha-26S) were inoculated with the suspension of
zoosporangia, race 730, in the phase of first pair of leaves. The ...expression of defense related genes was investigated in the time period of 2 to 96 h after treatment. Several categories of defense-related genes: signalization (EDS1 and EDR1); H
producing (Hacaox and Haoxox); antioxidative response (SODc and SODp), pathogenesis related (chi, PAL, PR5) were examined. Most examined defense related genes were constitutive with higher expression in resistant line. However, in response to secondary downy mildew infection six genes were upregulated. Upregulation of HaEDS1 signaling gene 2 h after infection indicates that SA mediated response is activated. Pathogenesis related genes: chitinase and PR5, were also upregulated in the earliest time point. Other defense related genes: SODp, Caox and OxOx were sequentially upregulated from 4 to 48 h after infection in resistant line. Our results indicate that the early response of defense related genes to secondary downy mildew infection, resembles to hypersensitive-like reaction and is connected with resistance conferred by
gene. According to our results resistance to secondary infection is characterized with earlier upregulation of PR5 in comparison to primary infection.
In this paper, we survey, classify and synthesize different theoretical concepts and empirical studies that examine the nature of the strategy formation process. The paper starts by providing ...multiple points of view on the notion of strategy. It continues by explaining the possible sources of strategy formation. Furthermore, the elaborated insight on the nature of strategy formation process is given. In order to confirm the presented theoretical background, the case study of two IT companies is presented in the end of the paper. Some of the conclusions are that strategy can start its formation anywhere within an organization, but the main craftsmen are the members of senior management team. Strategies are forming along the emergent-to-planned continuum and the part on the continuum on which the strategy-making will take place depends on a variety of factors. Finally, two companies presented in the case study confirm the presented theoretical framework of strategy-making.
In this paper, we survey, classify and synthesize different theoretical concepts and empirical studies that examine the nature of the strategy formation process. The paper starts by providing ...multiple points of view on the notion of strategy. It continues by explaining the possible sources of strategy formation. Furthermore, the elaborated insight on the nature of strategy formation process is given. In order to confirm the presented theoretical background, the case study of two IT companies is presented in the end of the paper. Some of the conclusions are that strategy can start its formation anywhere within an organization, but the main craftsmen are the members of senior management team. Strategies are forming along the emergent-to-planned continuum and the part on the continuum on which the strategy-making will take place depends on a variety of factors. Finally, two companies presented in the case study confirm the presented theoretical framework of strategy-making.
The present paper is dealing with the investigation of the stress field around the infinitely long cylindrical cavity, of circular cross section, contained in elastic continuum. Investigation is ...based upon the determination of the stress function that satisfies the biharmonic equation, for the given boundary conditions and for rotationaly symmetrical loading. The solution of the partial differential equation of the problem is given in the form of infinite series of Bessel functions. The particular contribution of the present paper to already existing investigations of the considered problem is the introduction and definition of the new functions representing the loading, which is treated as the corresponding stress boundary conditions. As the verification and illustration of obtained analytical solutions, the paper also contains numerical example.
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