Tea (Camelliasinensis) is the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage with essential economic and health benefits since it is an excellent source of polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, ...flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to summarize the main secondary metabolites in tea plants, and the content and distribution of these compounds in six different types of tea and different organs of tea plant were further investigated. The application of these secondary metabolites on food processing, cosmetics industry, and pharmaceutical industry was reviewed in this study. With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and sequencing technology, omics analyses, including genome, transcriptome, and metabolome, were widely used to detect the main secondary metabolites and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in tea plants. Numerous functional genes and regulatory factors have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve tea plants. Research advances, including secondary metabolites, applications, omics research, and functional gene mining, are comprehensively reviewed here. Further exploration and application trends are briefly described. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on tea plants.
Presently, over-the-counter drugs that can treat upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are rarely effective and safe. Chaiqin Qingning Capsule (CQQNC), a Chinese patent medicine, which has been ...verified by long-term clinical practice is recommended by Chinese experts for the treatment of URTI with fever. This study conducted a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, multicenter controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CQQNC in the treatment of URTI.
The study was conducted at 4 clinical centers in China. Eligible subjects were recruited and randomized 1:1 to the CQQNC group and Qingkailing Capsule (QKLC) group. Both groups were administered orally three times a day for three consecutive days. Primary outcomes were the antipyretic onset time and the temperature recovery time. Secondary outcomes included the symptom disappearance rate, symptom score, and drug safety assessment.
A total of 269 subjects were analyzed (134 subjects in the CQQNC group, 135 subjects in the QKLC group). The antipyretic onset time and the temperature recovery time were significantly shortened in the CQQNC group (median: 5 h vs. 10 h, p < 0.0001, median: 19 h vs. 27 h, p < 0.0001). CQQNC was more effective than the QKLC in improving the symptoms of pharyngodynia and rhinobyon (85.07% vs. 71.11%, p = 0.008; 76.99% vs. 64.41%, p = 0.043), and in improving the overall symptom scores (−15.10 ± 3.23 vs. −13.35 ± 3.58, p < 0.0001). During the trial, no serious adverse events were reported in the two groups.
CQQNC is effective and safe in the treatment of URTI with fever, and worthy of clinical application. (http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR-IPR-16009049).
•Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), also known as common cold, is the most frequently experienced disease among humans.•The acute URTI can cause physical discomfort and high health care costs but there are no universally accepted therapies.•Chaiqin Qingning Capsule had quick antipyretic effects and advantages in relieving symptoms of pharyngodynia and rhinobyon.•In conclusion, Chaiqin Qingning Capsule is safe in use and has good therapeutic effects in the treatment of URTI with fever.
The recognition of the voltage sag sources is the basis for formulating a voltage sag governance plan and clarifying the responsibility for the accident. Aiming at the recognition problem of voltage ...sag sources, a recognition method of voltage sag sources based on phase space reconstruction and improved Visual Geometry Group (VGG) transfer learning is proposed from the perspective of image classification. Firstly, phase space reconstruction technology is used to transform voltage sag signals, generate reconstruction images of voltage sag, and analyze the intuitive characteristics of different sag sources from reconstruction images. Secondly, combined with the attention mechanism, the standard VGG 16 model is improved to extract the features completely and prevent over-fitting. Finally, VGG transfer learning model uses the idea of transfer learning for training, which improves the efficiency of model training and the recognition accuracy of sag sources. The purpose of the training model is to minimize the cross entropy loss function. The simulation analysis verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Vitamin D deficiency is a well-described preventable cause of many cancers; the association of vitamin D use with the development of head and neck cancer (HNC) is not clear. We aim to conduct a ...systematic review of the studies assessing the relation between vitamin D exposure and the prevention and prognosis of the HNC using meta-analysis.
PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science up to 1 January 2021, and reference lists of related studies were searched. We extracted observational studies reporting the association between vitamin D (vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and vitamin D intake) and the outcomes of interest (HNC incidence and HNC mortality) in HNC patients aged 18 or older. Fixed effects models were used to calculate pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by RevMan (version 5.3).
Sixteen studies with a total of 81,908 participants were enrolled in our meta-analysis. Based on the pooled genomic analysis, comparing with participants with the genotypes of
+
or
, the pooled odds ratio (OR) of participants with the genotype of
was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.97) and 0.75 (0.58 to 0.97), respectively. A similar trend was noted when comparing
with
+
or
, in which OR (95% CI) was 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) and 0.72 (0.55 to 0.95). No significant association was identified between
polymorphism and HNC. Furthermore, the OR of HNC incidence was 0.77 (0.65 to 0.92) for participants with vitamin D intake over the ones with a regular diet. High concentrations of circulated 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) significantly decreased by 32% of HNC incidence (OR (95% CI): 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78)) and increased HNC survival (pooled hazard ratio 1.13, 1.05 to 1.22) during a 4-5 years follow-up. High concentrations of circulating 25-OHD in patients with HNC led to a decreased risk of mortality to 0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) as the follow-up extends to 8-12 years.
Elevated activities of vitamin D by diet intake, genomic polymorphisms, or circulated 25-OHD may protect people from HNC and improve the prognosis of patients with HNC.
PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020176002 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=176002).
Background Aortic diseases remain a highly perilous macrovascular condition. The relationship between circulating aldosterone and aortic diseases is rarely explored, thus we investigated the ...difference in plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) between patients with and without aortic disease in hypertensive people. Methods We analyzed 926 patients with hypertension, ranging in age from 18 to 89 years, who had their PAC measured from the hospital's electronic database. The case group and control group were defined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis included general information, clinical data, biochemical data, and medical imaging examination results as covariates. To further evaluate the difference in PAC between primary hypertension patients with aortic disease and those without, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis and also employed propensity score matching to minimize the influence of confounding factors. Results In total, 394 participants were included in the analysis, with 66 individuals diagnosed with aortic diseases and 328 in the control group. The participants were predominantly male (64.5%) and over the age of 50 (68.5%), with an average PAC of 19.95 ng/dL. After controlling for confounding factors, the results showed hypertension patients with aortic disease were more likely to have high PAC levels than those without aortic disease (OR = 1.138, 95% CI 1.062 to 1.238). Subgroup analysis revealed consistent relationship between PAC and primary hypertensive patients with aortic disease across the different stratification variables. Additionally, hypertensive patients with aortic disease still have a risk of higher PAC levels than those without aortic disease, even after propensity score matching. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that primary hypertensive patients with aortic diseases have elevated levels of PAC, but the causal relationship between PAC and aortic disease requires further study. Keywords: Aortic diseases, Aldosterone, Hypertension, Aortic dissection
Chayote (
) fruits are rich in flavonoids, folate, and low-calorie food. However, studies about the flavonoids and the corresponding regulatory mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in chayote fruits was ...still unclear. In present study, an integrated transcriptome and metabolite analysis of chayote fruits at three different storage stages were conducted to explore the flavonoid compositions and gene expression associated with flavonoid synthesis. Through the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, a total of 57 flavonoid compounds were detected. Of these, 42 flavonoid glycosides were significantly differential accumulation in chayote fruits at three different storage stages. Many genes associated with flavonoid synthesis were differentially expressed in chayote fruits at three different storage stages through RNA-seq analysis, including structural genes and some TFs. There was a high correlation between RNA-seq analysis and metabolite profiling, and the expression level of candidate genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway were consistent with the dynamic changes of flavonoids. In addition, one R2R3-MYB transcription factor, FSG0057100, was defined as the critical regulatory gene of flavonoid synthesis. Furthermore, exogenous application of phenylalanine increased the total content of flavonoids and promoted some flavonoid biosynthesis-related gene expression in chayote fruits. The above results not only make us better understand the molecular mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in chayote fruits, but also contribute to the promotion and application of chayote products.
To evaluate determinants of prolonged viral RNA shedding in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection.
Hospitalized patients ...tested SARS-CoV-2 positive by nasopharyngeal real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included in the single-center, retrospective study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the timing of viral clearance (≤ 8 days, "early clearance" and ≥15 days, "late clearance").
4,084 patients were included in the study (1,023 late clearance, 3,061 early clearance), with median age of 50 years and a higher proportion (61.4%) of male. Univariate analyses showed that comorbidities (including hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease), receiving vaccine, the number of vaccinations, cycle threshold (Ct) open reading frame 1ab (ORF 1ab), and nucleocapsid protein (N) gene values on admission were associated with late viral clearance. In the multivariable analysis, the number of vaccinations (
= 0.010) and Ct ORF 1ab gene (
< 0.001) values on admission were significantly associated with late viral clearance. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis showed that the Ct value of ORF 1ab gene and N gene remained unchanged within 3 days, and showed progressively higher values with increasing days during late viral RNA clearance.
The number of vaccinations and Ct values of ORF 1ab gene were independently associated with a prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding.
The global COVID-19 pandemic does not appear to end in the near future. Currently, limited data are available on the risk factors for delayed viral clearance in patients with severe acute respiratory ...syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection.
This study aimed to investigate the association of clinical characteristics and vaccination with prolonged viral clearance.
This retrospective cohort included 16,985 patients who had contracted the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant between April 5 and May 30, 2022, in Shanghai, China, and had mild or no symptoms. The patients were admitted to the quarantine venue at the Shanghai New International Expo Center.
Of the 16,985 participants, the occurrence of viral clearance was ≤8 and > 8 days in 11,009 (64.8 %) and 5976 (35.2 %) participants, respectively. Risk factors related to patients who remained persistently polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive were sex (Male, odds ratio OR 1.221, p < 0.001), older age (35–49, OR 1.389, p < 0.001; 50–64, OR 1.659, p < 0.001; ≥65, OR 2.139, p < 0.001), presence of symptoms (OR 1.093, p = 0.030), number of vaccinations (two doses, OR 0.753, p < 0.001; three doses, OR 0.797, p < 0.001; four doses, OR 0.543, p < 0.001), and cycle threshold (Ct) value for ORF1ab gene at diagnosis (25–35, OR 0.235, p < 0.001; >35, OR 0.079, p < 0.001). The lower rates of increase in Ct values were observed in the later viral shedding group than in the early viral shedding group for ORF1ab (β = −0.791, p < 0.001) and N genes (β = −0.825, p < 0.001).
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and higher viral concentrations were associated with factors such as male sex, older age, symptomatic status, and fewer doses of vaccination in patients admitted to Shanghai Makeshift Hospital between April 5 and May 30, 2022.
Objective:
This study aimed to distinguish the risk variables of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to construct a prediction model of NAFLD in visceral fat obesity in Japanese adults.
...Methods
This study is a historical cohort study that included 1,516 individuals with visceral obesity. All individuals were randomly divided into training group and validation group at 70% (
n
= 1,061) and 30% (
n
= 455), respectively. The LASSO method and multivariate regression analysis were performed for selecting risk factors in the training group. Then, overlapping features were selected to screen the effective and suitable risk variables for NAFLD with visceral fatty obesity, and a nomogram incorporating the selected risk factors in the training group was constructed. Then, we used the C-index, calibration plot, decision curve analysis, and cumulative hazard analysis to test the discrimination, calibration, and clinical meaning of the nomogram. At last, internal validation was used in the validation group.
Results
We contract a nomogram and validated it using easily available and cost-effective parameters to predict the incidence of NAFLD in participants with visceral fatty obesity, including ALT, HbA1c, body weight, FPG, and TG. In training cohort, the area under the ROC was 0.863, with 95% CI: 0.84–0.885. In validation cohort, C-index was 0.887, with 95%CI: 0.857–0.888. The decision curve analysis showed that the model's prediction is more effective. Decision curve analysis of the training cohort and validation cohort showed that the predictive model was more effective in predicting the risk of NAFLD in Japanese patients with visceral fatty obesity. To help researchers and clinicians better use the nomogram, our online version can be accessed at
https://xy2yyjzyxk.shinyapps.io/NAFLD/
.
Conclusions
Most patients with visceral fatty obesity have a risk of NALFD, but some will not develop into it. The presented nomogram can accurately identify these patients at high risk.
•The effect of prehospital time in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) on their outcomes was assessed from total prehospital time, emergency medical system (EMS) response time, advance life ...support response time, EMS first chest compression (CPR) time and other time of EMS's interventions.•The outcome of OHCAs was not only in-hospital death, but also adverse neurological function and comorbidities in surviving patients.•The association between prehospital time and pre-hospital death for OHCAs and the occurrence of complications in deceased patients was also assessed.
For out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs), time is of the essence. While the relationship between EMS response time (ERT) and OHCA outcomes is well studied, a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of other intervention time is needed, which is essential to guide clinical practice.
Evaluating how a longer total pre-hospital time (TPT), ERT, advance life support response time (ART) and EMS cardiopulmonary resuscitation time (ECT) increase the mortality rates, unfavorable neurological outcomes, and severe complications at discharge of OHCAs.
31,926 OHCAs from the USA and Canada were identified in Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epidemiologic Registry. Twelve adjusted models were used to analyze the relationship between the prehospital time (TPT, ERT, ART and ECT) and three outcomes (in hospital mortality, unfavorable neurological outcomes, and severe complications for surviving OHCAs).
Every 10-min increase in TPT was associated with a 0.14-fold increase in the risk of death (adjusted odds ratio OR = 1.14, 95 % confidence interval CI = 1.10–1.17) and a 0.13-fold increase of adverse neurological outcomes (OR = 1.13, CI =1.08–1.18). The risk of patient mortality markedly increased with every 5 min increase in ERT (OR = 1.36, CI = 1.26–1.47), ART (OR =1.10, CI = 1.06–1.15), and ECT (OR = 1.46, CI = 1.37–1.56). Adverse neurological outcome was associated with ERT and ECT, and severe complications with ERT and ART.
Prolonged prehospital time, particularly ERT and ECT, are closely associated with in-hospital mortality, unfavorable neurological functions, and severe complications at discharge in OHCAs.
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