The aim of this article was to adapt and validate a specific instrument to measure the attitudes of Early Childhood Education students towards different disabilities, assessing the three components ...of attitudes. Firstly, a direct translation of the desired instruments was carried out and, after the modifications suggested by the experts, a total of 162 participants were tested and, using these data, the validity and reliability of the instrument was calculated. The results have indicated that we have a tool with sufficient validity and reliability to be able to analyse the attitudes towards disability of Early Childhood Education students.
Se considera que el medio más eficaz para crear una sociedad más justa e igualitaria es una escuela inclusiva, que garantice a todos los niños, independientemente de sus características y necesidades ...educativas, el derecho a una educación de calidad (UNESCO, 1994). Uno de los elementos esenciales a la hora de llevar a cabo una inclusión educativa es la actitud de los docentes. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar las actitudes que tienen los docentes de educación infantil de Granada acerca de los estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales. Para ello, se aplicó a 78 docentes de Educación Infantil, de 14 centros la provincia de Granada, la Escala de Actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad (Verdugo, Jenaro & Arias, 2002). De los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que existe, en general, una actitud positiva hacia la discapacidad, siendo los docentes de segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil los que presentan actitudes más positivas. Se discuten los resultados, y se concluye como nos encontramos ante un estudio pionero en su campo, ya que no se han encontrado investigaciones que aborden ambos ciclos de Educación Infantil. Esto permite analizar si los docentes de esta etapa tienen la formación necesaria para llevar a cabo una educación de calidad para todo el alumnado. La necesidad de centrarnos en esta etapa radica en el carácter preventivo de la misma, en la medida en que la inclusión educativa como prevención para la exclusión social es el medio más efectivo para combatir las actitudes de discriminación (Echeita, 2006).
Despite big advances, in recent years, students with disabilities have not been greatly present in the university world, and those who do enter higher education are confronted with architectural and ...psychosocial barriers. Among the latter category, it is necessary to highlight the attitudes of their classmates and teachers towards students with disabilities; but we also need to take their own ideas and beliefs into account. This study therefore examines the ideas and beliefs of university students in Spain with disabilities about attitudes towards disabilities. Taking their responses into consideration, it can be concluded that the students in question consider neither their disability nor the university to be an obstacle to them accessing and finishing their studies. Furthermore, they perceive the attitudes of their teachers and peers to be positive, thus feeling themselves to be fairly well integrated into the university community. However, they also call for better training on disability.
Points of interest
This article examines the ideas and beliefs held by university students with disabilities in Spain on the attitudes of their teachers and classmates towards their inclusion.
This article looks in detail at the real-life interactions between students with disabilities and people without disabilities.
The students with disabilities, although considering their peers and teachers to have positive attitudes towards them and feeling themselves to be included, called for the educational community to be better informed about their disabilities. For them, it is essential to have a welcome plan and a central unit coordinating and advising the entire educational community on this issue.
This type of research is important, because it can help to give students with disabilities a voice.
El hecho de que el ser humano se haya alimentado con productos de origen animal desde sus inicios ha provocado que esta cuestión alimentaria sea vista como una necesidad y no como una elección. No ...obstante, las personas que comen productos de origen animal están influenciadas por un sistema de creencias, muchas veces invisible, denominado carnismo. Este trabajo ahonda, mediante una aproximación cualitativa, en tal sistema de creencias y analiza las justificaciones que utilizan los individuos para tratar a unas especies de animales como comida y a otras como mascotas. Concluyendo que, aunque se utilizan múltiples argumentos para respaldar este consumo tales como la necesidad, el gusto, la economía o la comodidad, es la falta de empatía hacia los demás animales lo que perpetúa la ideología carnista.
To create an inclusion school, we must take into account the attitudes toward disability of the entire educational community, i.e., teachers, families and peers. Specifically, it is essential that ...this inclusion begins to take place from when the pupils are very young. Therefore, this research carried out a systematic review of the studies that have examined the attitudes toward disability of these three groups in the early childhood education stage, with special emphasis on the methodology used. The results show that teachers and families, in general, reflect positive attitudes, while the children showed less favorable attitudes. The methodology demonstrated a greater preference for quantitative methods in the case of children and teachers, while in families, there is greater heterogeneity. Finally, it can be concluded that the attitudes of families and children in early childhood education are scarcely studied, so more research is needed.
La hipomagnesemia en hemodiálisis (HD) se asocia a mayor riesgo de mortalidad: su relación con el líquido de diálisis (LD).
Concentraciones bajas de magnesio (Mg) en sangre se han relacionado con el ...desarrollo de diabetes, hipertensión arterial, arritmias, calcificaciones vasculares y con mayor riesgo de muerte, en población general y en hemodiálisis. La composición del LD y su concentración de Mg es uno de los principales determinantes de la magnesemia en los pacientes en HD.
Objetivo: Estudiar las concentraciones de magnesio en los pacientes en HD, su valor predictivo de mortalidad y qué factores se asocian a la hipomagnesemia y mortalidad en HD.
Estudio retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes prevalentes en HD seguidos 2 años. Cada 6 meses se determina el Mg sérico. En el análisis se utiliza el Mg inicial y el medio de cada paciente, comparando los pacientes con Mg por debajo de la media, 2,1mg/dl, con los que están por encima. Durante el seguimiento se han utilizado 3 tipos de LD: tipo 1, magnesio de 0,5 mmol/l y tipo 3, Mg 0,37 mmol/l ambos con acetato y tipo 2, 0,5 mmol/l de Mg con citrato.
Se han incluido en el estudio 137 pacientes en hemodiálisis, 72 hombres y 65 mujeres, con una edad media de 67(15) 26-95 años. Cincuenta y siete pacientes eran diabéticos y 70 pacientes estaban en hemodiafiltración en línea (HDF-OL) y 67 en hemodiálisis de alto flujo (HD-HF). El Mg medio de los 93 pacientes con LD tipo 1 era: 2,18(0,37) mg/dl, en 27 con el tipo 3: 2,02 (0,42) mg/dl y los 17 con tipo 2: 1,84 (0,24)mg/dl (p=0,01). El Mg se relaciona de forma directa significativa con el P y con la albúmina. Después de un seguimiento medio de 16,6(8,9)3-24 meses, 77 seguían activos, 24 habían fallecido y 36 se habían trasplantado o trasladado. Los pacientes con un Mg superior a 2,1mg/dl tienen una supervivencia mayor, p=0,008. La supervivencia de los pacientes con los tres tipos de LD no difería significativamente, Log-Rank, p=0,424. Corregido por la magnesemia, los pacientes con LD con citrato tienen mejor supervivencia, p=0,009. En el análisis de regresión de COX se observa cómo la edad, albúmina sérica, Mg, técnica de diálisis y tipo de LD tienen valor predictivo de mortalidad independiente.
Los magnesios séricos bajos respecto a los altos se asocian a mayor riesgo de mortalidad. El tipo de LD influye en la concentración de Mg y en el riesgo de muerte.
Hypomagnesaemia in haemodialysis (HD) is associated with increased mortality risk: its relationship with dialysis fluid (DF).
Low concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in blood have been linked to the development of diabetes, hypertension, arrhythmias, vascular calcifications and an increased risk of death in the general population and in haemodialysis patients. The composition of the dialysis fluid in terms of its magnesium concentration is one of the main determinants of magnesium in haemodialysis patients.
To study magnesium concentrations in haemodialysis patients, their predictive mortality rate and what factors are associated with hypomagnesaemia and mortality in haemodialysis.
Retrospective study of a cohort of prevalent haemodialysis patients followed up for two years. Serum magnesium was measured every six months. The analysis used the initial and average magnesium values for each patient, comparing patients with magnesium below the mean (2.1mg/dl) with those with magnesium above the mean. During the follow-up, three types of dialysis fluid were used: type 1, magnesium 0.5 mmol/l; type 3, magnesium 0.37 mmol/l (both with acetate); and type 2, magnesium 0.5 mmol/l with citrate.
We included 137 haemodialysis patients in the study, of which 72 were male and 65 were female, with a mean age of 67 (15) 26-95 years old. Of this group, 57 patients were diabetic, 70 were on online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) and 67 were on high-flow haemodialysis (HF-HD). The mean magnesium of the 93 patients with dialysis fluid type 1 was 2.18 (0.37) mg/dl. In the 27 patients with dialysis fluid type 3 it was 2.02 (0.42) mg/dl. And in the 17 with dialysis fluid type 2 it was 1.84 (0.24) mg/dl (p=.01). There was a pronounced direct relationship between Mg and P and albumin. After a mean follow-up of 16.6 (8.9) 3-24 months, 77 remained active, 24 had died and 36 had been transplanted or transferred. Patients with magnesium above than 2.1mg/dl had a longer survival (p=.008). The survival of patients with the three types of dialysis fluid did not differ significantly (Log-Rank, p=.424). Corrected for blood magnesium, patients with dialysis fluid with citrate have better survival (p=.009). The COX regression analysis shows how age, serum albumin, magnesium, dialysis technique and type of dialysis fluid have an independent predictive mortality rate.
Low serum magnesium levels have a greater association with an increased risk of mortality compared to high levels. The type of dialysis fluid affects the magnesium concentration and the risk of death.
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