Background Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi is a common acute infection of the reticuloendothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and gall bladder. Detection of Salmonella spp. is still ...based on cultures and serological methods.Widal test is one of the serological tests that is still widely used, especially in developing countries including Indonesia.Widal tests have low sensitivity and specificity. They often produce false positive or false negative results.ObjectiveThe aim of this study were i) real time PCR optimization to develop a Salmonella enterica detection system. ii) molecular detection of new target gene (ssaN gene) from blood specimens in typhoid fever patients.Methods An experimental laboratory study was performed from March to October 2016. Extraction of Salmonella typhi DNA is used as templates for the optimization of real time PCR reaction.The blood sample was from patients suspected with typhoid fever obtained from the Menteng Sub-district Health Center according to the inclusion criteria.ResultsSpecificity test of real time PCR showed that the primers and probes used are not cross-react against other microorganisms. Sensitivity test obtained minimal detection is at least 10 cfu/ml of blood specimen. In blood clinical specimens, real time PCR could detect 19 (38%) positive samples of 50 blood specimen from suspected typhoid fever patients. Eleven samples with negative Widal serology gives positive results in real time PCR.ConclusionReal time PCR used in this study can increase the level of rate of positive testing by 22% of the total specimens.Keywords : Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica, typhoid fever, ssaN gene, real time PCR
Tobacco leaf contains antibacterial secondary metabolite compounds, such as phenol, alkaloids, and essential oils. This study compares the potential antibacterial effects of Indonesian tobacco leaf ...extracted using the heat reflux method (producing an extract) and pyrolysis method (providing a bio-oil). The tobacco leaf extract was challenged against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil from the pyrolysis method showed inhibitory Kirby Bauer zones higher than those of the extract from heat reflux method, with the maximum results in the pyrolysis method indicating zones of 6.35 mm (S. aureus), 5.90 mm (E. faecalis), 3.97 mm (E. coli), and 5.025 mm (P. aeruginosa). Further study analyzed the effectiveness of the disc and well diffusion antibacterial test methods for measuring the antibacterial effect of bio-oils against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil used in the well diffusion test method showed the most significant antibacterial effectiveness. It showed the biggest inhibition zone, with a maximum of 11.65 mm and 8.90 mm for E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Our results showed Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia Bio Oil from Ponorogo (Indonesia) is a strong potential antimicrobial, especially using well diffusion test.
AbstractObesity is an accumulation of excessive fat tissue in the body. Excessive fat tissue in the body lead to infertility by increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and decrease the hormone ...balance regulation, those things can be affected the process of spermatogenesis, especially sperm morphology. Rambutan peel was known as a source of antioxidants because it has phenolic compounds, so it has a protective effect on free radicals. The research purpose knew the effect of Rambutan Peel Extract (RPE) (Nephelium lappaceum) on abnormal sperm morphology of Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) percentage induced with a High-Fat Diet (HFD). This study uses True experimental post control group design for this research on 30 male Wistar rats. Samples were divided into 5 groups. Group 1: induced HFD only, Group 2: only given RPE at a dosage of 30 mg/kilogram Body Weight (kg BW), Group 3, 4, and 5: induced HFD and RPE at dosage of 15 mg/kg BW, 30 mg/kg BW, and 60 mg/kg BW feed using sonde. The data were analysed using ANOVA One Way. The result showed that RPE has decreased the abnormal sperm morphology of male Wistar rats at dose of 15 mg/kg BW. This is the first study that observe the effect of RPE administration to sperm morphology of obese and non-obese group of rats, with larger rats’ population, several doses of the RPE extract, and longer time to complete one cycle of rat spermatogenesis.AbstrakObesitas diartikan sebagai akumulasi jaringan lemak berlebihan yang ada di dalam tubuh. Jaringan lemak yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan regulasi hormonal dan terbentuknya Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Kedua hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi proses spermatogenesis sehingga dapat menyebabkan infertilitas, terutama pada morfologi sperma. Ekstrak Kulit Rambutan (EKR) diketahui memiliki efek sebagai antioksidan dikarenakan memiliki senyawa fenolik, senyawa tersebut dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian EKR (Nephelium lappaceum) terhadap persentase morfologi abnormal sperma tikus Wistar (Rattus novergicus) yang diinduksi dengan Pakan Tinggi Lemak (PTL). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain True experimental post control group design pada 30 ekor tikus. Sampel dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok 1: hanya diberi PTL, Kelompok 2: hanya diberikan EKR dengan dosis 30 mg/kilogram Berat Badan (kgBB), Kelompok 3, 4 dan 5: diinduksi dengan PTL dan EKR dengan dosis 15 mg/kgBB, 30 mg/kgBB, dan 60 mg/kgBB. Pemberian PTL dan EKR dilakukan menggunakan sonde. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA One Way. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EKR dapat menurunkan jumlah morfologi abnormal pada kelompok dengan induksi PLT, dengan dosis yang paling efektif 15 mg/kgBB. Studi ini adalah yang pertama dalam mencari tahu efek pemberian RPE tehadap morfologi spermatozoa pada kelompok tikus obesitas dan tidak obesitas, dengan populasi tikus yang lebih besar, beberapa dosis ekstrak RPE, dan waktu yang lebih lama agar dapat menyelesaikan satu siklus spermatogenesis tikus.
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