Urban Modification of Thunderstorms Niyogi, Dev; Pyle, Patrick; Lei, Ming ...
Journal of applied meteorology and climatology,
05/2011, Letnik:
50, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A radar-based climatology of 91 unique summertime (May 2000–August 2009) thunderstorm cases was examined over the Indianapolis, Indiana, urban area. The study hypothesis is that urban regions alter ...the intensity and composition/structure of approaching thunderstorms because of land surface heterogeneity. Storm characteristics were studied over the Indianapolis region and four peripheral rural counties approximately 120 km away from the urban center. Using radar imagery, the time of event, changes in storm structure (splitting, initiation, intensification, and dissipation), synoptic setting, orientation, and motion were studied. It was found thatmore than 60% of storms changed structure over the Indianapolis area as compared with only 25% over the rural regions. Furthermore, daytime convection was most likely to be affected, with 71% of storms changing structure as compared with only 42% at night. Analysis of radar imagery indicated that storms split closer to the upwind urban region and merge again downwind. Thus, a larger portion of small storms (50–200 km²) and large storms (>1500 km²) were found downwind of the urban region, whereas midsized storms (200–1500 km) dominated the upwind region. A case study of a typical storm on 13 June 2005 was examined using available observations and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), version 3.7.2. Two simulations were performed with and without the urban land use/Indianapolis region in the fourth domain (1.33-km resolution). The storm of interest could not be simulated without the urban area. Results indicate that removing the Indianapolis urban region caused distinct differences in the regional convergence and convection as well as in simulated base reflectivity, surface energy balance (through sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and virtual potential temperature changes), and boundary layer structure. Study results indicate that the urban area has a strong climatological influence on regional thunderstorms.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The urban canopy of excess heat, water vapor, and roughness can affect the evolution of weather systems, as can land vegetative processes. High‐resolution simulations were conducted using the Coupled ...Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) to investigate the impact of urban and land vegetation processes on the prediction of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed on 30 July 2003 in the vicinity of Oklahoma City (OKC), Oklahoma. The control COAMPS model (hereinafter CONTROL) used the Noah land surface model (LSM) initialized with the Eta Data Assimilation System and incorporates an urban canopy parameterization (UCP). Experiments assessed the impact of land vegetative processes by (1) adding a canopy resistance scheme including photosynthesis (GEM) to the Noah LSM and (2) replacing the UCP with a simpler urban surface characterization of roughness, albedo, and moisture availability (NOUCP). The three sets of simulations showed different behaviors for the storm event. The CONTROL simulation propagated two storm cells through the OKC urban region. The NOUCP also resulted in two cells, although the convective intensity was weaker. The GEM simulation produced one storm cell west of the downtown region, whose intensity and timing were closer to the observed. To understand the relative roles of the urban and vegetation interaction processes, a factor separation experiment was performed. The urban model improved the ability to represent the MCS, and the enhanced representation of vegetation further improved the model performance. The enhanced performance may be attributed to better representation of the urban‐rural heterogeneities and improved simulation of the moisture fluxes and upstream inflow boundaries.
How to use SoDAR on the complex terrain Yoshimura, Atsushi; Sakurai, Hiroaki; Ossiboff, Rich ...
Proceedings of Japan Wind Energy Symposium,
2018, Letnik:
40
Journal Article
Mixtures of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur ubiquitously in aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known regarding their combined toxicities. Emerging reports ...investigating the additive mortality in metal–PAH mixtures have indicated that more-than-additive effects are equally as common as strictly-additive effects, raising concern for ecological risk assessment typically based on the summation of individual toxicities. Moreover, the current separation of focus between in vivo and in vitro studies, and fine- and coarse-scale endpoints, creates uncertainty regarding the mechanisms of co-toxicity involved in more-than-additive effects on whole organisms. Drawing from literature on metal and PAH toxicity in bacteria, protozoa, invertebrates, fish, and mammalian models, this review outlines several key mechanistic interactions likely to promote more-than-additive toxicity in metal–PAH mixtures. Namely, the deleterious effects of PAHs on membrane integrity and permeability to metals, the potential for metal–PAH complexation, the inhibitory nature of metals to the detoxification of PAHs via the cytochrome P450 pathway, the inhibitory nature of PAHs towards the detoxification of metals via metallothionein, and the potentiated production of reactive oxygenated species (ROS) in certain metal (e.g. Cu) and PAH (e.g., phenanthrenequinone) mixtures. Moreover, the mutual inhibition of detoxification suggests the possibility of positive feedback among these mechanisms. The individual toxicities and interactive aspects of contaminant transport, detoxification, and the production of ROS are herein discussed.
•Feeding behaviour was 27–63 times more sensitive than lethality in Daphnia magna.•Five out of seven mixtures interacted differently on lethal and sublethal endpoints.•Metals had the same order of ...toxicity for both endpoints (Cu>Cd>Ni>Zn).
The toxicity of metal mixtures is currently of particular interest among aquatic toxicologists. To provide insight into whether the interaction of multiple metals is similar at different biological levels, the survival and feeding behavior of Daphnia magna were studied following exposure to four metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) and their binary and quaternary combinations. In terms of survival, Zn-Cu and Cu-Cd mixtures produced more-than-additive mortality, while Ni-Cd mixtures resulted in less-than-additive mortality. Regarding behavior, Zn-Cu and Zn-Cd mixtures produced a more-than-additive reduction in feeding rate. Four (i.e. Zn-Cu, Cu-Cd, Ni-Cd, and Zn-Cd) out of six binary mixtures in the present study interacted differently at the survival and behavioral levels, strengthening the emphasis on carefully selecting the toxicological endpoint when addressing metal mixture toxicity. The results of the present study demonstrated that metals are toxic to feeding behavior of D. magna at much lower concentrations (i.e. 27–63 times lower) compared to survival, suggesting that applying sub-lethal endpoints are required for producing protective regulations.
As an up-to-date and authoritative summary of the state of this highly complex science, this book will be welcomed by all practitioners and researchers in the field.
Abstract
DRH-3 is critically involved in germline development and RNA interference (RNAi) facilitated chromosome segregation via the 22G-siRNA pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. DRH-3 has similar ...domain architecture to RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and belongs to the RIG-I-like RNA helicase family. The molecular understanding of DRH-3 and its function in endogenous RNAi pathways remains elusive. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the DRH-3 N-terminal domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domains (CTDs) in complex with 5′-triphosphorylated RNAs. The NTD of DRH-3 adopts a distinct fold of tandem caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) structurally similar to the CARDs of RIG-I and MDA5, suggesting a signaling function in the endogenous RNAi biogenesis. The CTD preferentially recognizes 5′-triphosphorylated double-stranded RNAs bearing the typical features of secondary siRNA transcripts. The full-length DRH-3 displays unique structural dynamics upon binding to RNA duplexes that differ from RIG-I or MDA5. These features of DRH-3 showcase the evolutionary divergence of the Dicer and RLR family of helicases.
PDF
