Fresh fruit are important for a healthy diet, however, their shelf-life can be shortened because of ethylene, a key phytohormone associated with the ripening process. Therefore, detecting ethylene ...concentration on trace level and regulating its activity by safe and effective approaches are of paramount importance in extending postharvest shelf-life and controlling maturity of fruit.
In this review, ethylene detection technologies as well as ethylene regulating strategies are discussed, aiming to develop more innovative and effective approaches. Effects of ethylene on quality and shelf-life of fruit are presented. Ethylene detection and monitoring technologies available such as gas chromatography, electrochemical, optical, chemical methods, especially novel methods such as those based on colorimetric, luminescence, metal-organic frameworks, organic field effect transistors and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy are described. In addition, shelf-life extending technologies for ethylene control, removal or inhibition such as suppressing ethylene synthesis, scavenging or oxidizing or adsorbing ethylene, and blocking ethylene receptor are summarized. Finally, future perspectives on developing strategies that can simultaneously satisfy the requirements of sensitivity, rapidness and on-line for wide utilization in ethylene monitoring of fresh products are also given.
It is expected that miniature and sensitive ethylene detection techniques combined with feasible ethylene control methods should be an effective solution for fruit quality maintenance and shelf-life extension. However, each type of sensors and ethylene control strategies currently available has their own advantages and limitations. Therefore, attempts should be made to exploit more effective ethylene detection and controlling technologies.
•Ethylene concentration affects postharvest shelf-life and maturity of fruit.•Detecting and regulating C2H4 is important in fruit postharvest management.•Commercially available C2H4 detection methods have specific application fields.•Nanotechnology should be employed to achieve in-situ and rapid C2H4 detection.•Dynamic controlled atmospheres can be refined to avoid CO2 and low O2 injury.
The intracellular antioxidant activities of diosmetin were evaluated by cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay, 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced erythrocyte hemolysis ...assay and cupric chloride (CuCl2)-induced plasma oxidation assay. The results showed that diosmetin exhibits strong cellular antioxidant activity (EC50 = 7.98 μmol, CAA value = 58 μmol QE/100 μmol). It was also found that diosmetin treatment could effectively attenuate AAPH-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (91.0% inhibition at 100 μg/mL) and CuCl2-induced plasma oxidation through inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Diosmetin could significantly restore AAPH-induced increase of intracelluar antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPx, and CAT) activities to normal levels, as well as inhibit intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Thus, the intracellular antioxidant detoxifying mechanism of diosmetin is associated with both nonenzymatic and enzymatic defense systems.
Gastric cancer imposes a considerable health burden around the globe despite its declining incidence. The disease is often diagnosed in advanced stages and is associated with a poor prognosis for ...patients. An in-depth understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged behind many other cancers of similar incidence and morbidity, owing to our limited knowledge of germline susceptibility traits for risk and somatic drivers of progression (to identify novel therapeutic targets). A few germline (PLCE1) and somatic (ERBB2, ERBB3, PTEN, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FGF, TP53, CDH1 and MET) alterations are emerging and some are being pursued clinically. Novel somatic gene targets (ARID1A, FAT4, MLL and KMT2C) have also been identified and are of interest. Variations in the therapeutic approaches dependent on geographical region are evident for localized gastric cancer-differences that are driven by preferences for the adjuvant strategies and the extent of surgery coupled with philosophical divides. However, greater uniformity in approach has been noted in the metastatic cancer setting, an incurable condition. Having realized only modest successes, momentum is building for carrying out more phase III comparative trials, with some using biomarker-based patient selection strategies. Overall, rapid progress in biotechnology is improving our molecular understanding and can help with new drug discovery. The future prospects are excellent for defining biomarker-based subsets of patients and application of specific therapeutics. However, many challenges remain to be tackled. Here, we review representative molecular and clinical dimensions of gastric cancer.
To determine the association between radiation doses delivered to the mandible and the occurrence of osteoradionecrosis (ORN).
We reviewed the records of 402 oropharyngeal cancer patients with stage ...T1 or T2 disease treated with definitive radiation between January 2000 and October 2008 for the occurrence of ORN. Demographic and treatment variables were compared between patients with ORN and those without. To examine the dosimetric relationship further, a nested case-control comparison was performed. One to 2 ORN-free patients were selected to match each ORN patient by age, sex, radiation type, treatment year, and cancer subsite. Detailed radiation treatment plans for the ORN cases and matched controls were reviewed. Mann-Whitney test and conditional logistic regression were used to compare relative volumes of the mandible exposed to doses ranging from 10 Gy-60 Gy in 10-Gy increments.
In 30 patients (7.5%), ORN developed during a median follow-up time of 31 months, including 6 patients with grade 4 ORN that required major surgery. The median time to develop ORN was 8 months (range, 0-71 months). Detailed radiation treatment plans were available for 25 of the 30 ORN patients and 40 matched ORN-free patients. In the matched case-control analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the volumes of mandible in the 2 groups receiving doses between 50 Gy (V50) and 60 Gy (V60). The most notable difference was seen at V50, with a P value of .02 in the multivariate model after adjustment for the matching variables and dental status (dentate or with extraction).
V50 and V60 saw the most significant differences between the ORN group and the comparison group. Minimizing the percent mandibular volume exposed to 50 Gy may reduce ORN risk.
The early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a challenge because of the lack of specific biomarkers. Serum/plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) can discriminate HCC patients from controls. We ...aimed to identify and evaluate HCC‐associated plasma miRNAs originating from the liver as early biomarkers for detecting HCC. In this multicenter three‐phase study, we first performed screening using both plasma (HCC before and after liver transplantation or liver hepatectomy) and tissue samples (HCC, para‐carcinoma and cirrhotic tissues). Then, we evaluated the diagnostic potential of the miRNAs in two case–control studies (training and validation sets). Finally, we used two prospective cohorts to test the potential of the identified miRNAs for the early detection of HCC. During the screening phase, we identified ten miRNAs, eight of which (miR‐20a‐5p, miR‐25‐3p, miR‐30a‐5p, miR‐92a‐3p, miR‐132‐3p, miR‐185‐5p, miR‐320a and miR‐324‐3p) were significantly overexpressed in the HBV‐positive HCC patients compared with the HBV‐positive cancer‐free controls in both the training and validation sets, with a sensitivity of 0.866 and specificity of 0.646. Furthermore, we assessed the potential for early HCC detection of these eight newly identified miRNAs and three previously reported miRNAs (miR‐192‐5p, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐375) in two prospective cohorts. Our meta‐analysis revealed that four miRNAs (miR‐20a‐5p, miR‐320a, miR‐324‐3p and miR‐375) could be used as preclinical biomarkers (pmeta < 0.05) for HCC. The expression profile of the eight‐miRNA panel can be used to discriminate HCC patients from cancer‐free controls, and the four‐miRNA panel (alone or combined with AFP) could be a blood‐based early detection biomarker for HCC screening.
What's new?
Half of all deaths from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur in China. But while early detection of the disease could improve survival, preclinical diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. Using tissue and plasma samples from HCC patients and plasma samples from prospective cohorts, the authors of this study evaluated the diagnostic and predictive potential of miRNAs. A panel of eight miRNAs dysregulated during HCC development successfully distinguished HCC patients from controls, while a panel of four miRNAs was found to have preclinical potential. The newly described miRNA panels could aid in the detection of HCC before the disease is otherwise clinically apparent.
Genetic variants and lifestyle factors have been associated with gastric cancer risk, but the extent to which an increased genetic risk can be offset by a healthy lifestyle remains unknown. We aimed ...to establish a genetic risk model for gastric cancer and assess the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle in individuals with a high genetic risk.
In this meta-analysis and prospective cohort study, we first did a fixed-effects meta-analysis of the association between genetic variants and gastric cancer in six independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with a case-control study design. These GWAS comprised 21 168 Han Chinese individuals, of whom 10 254 had gastric cancer and 10 914 geographically matched controls did not. Using summary statistics from the meta-analysis, we constructed five polygenic risk scores in a range of thresholds (p=5 × 10−4 p=5 × 10−5 p=5 × 10−6 p=5 × 10−7, and p=5 × 10−8) for gastric cancer. We then applied these scores to an independent, prospective, nationwide cohort of 100 220 individuals from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), with more than 10 years of follow-up. The relative and absolute risk of incident gastric cancer associated with healthy lifestyle factors (defined as not smoking, never consuming alcohol, the low consumption of preserved foods, and the frequent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables), was assessed and stratified by genetic risk (low quintile 1 of the polygenic risk score, intermediate quintile 2–4 of the polygenic risk score, and high quintile 5 of the polygenic risk score). Individuals with a favourable lifestyle were considered as those who adopted all four healthy lifestyle factors, those with an intermediate lifestyle adopted two or three factors, and those with an unfavourable lifestyle adopted none or one factor.
The polygenic risk score derived from 112 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (p<5 × 10−5) showed the strongest association with gastric cancer risk (p=7·56 × 10−10). When this polygenic risk score was applied to the CKB cohort, we found that there was a significant increase in the relative risk of incident gastric cancer across the quintiles of the polygenic risk score (ptrend<0·0001). Compared with individuals who had a low genetic risk, those with an intermediate genetic risk (hazard ratio HR 1·54 95% CI 1·22–1·94, p=2·67 × 10−4) and a high genetic risk (2·08 1·61–2·69, p<0·0001) had a greater risk of gastric cancer. A similar increase in the relative risk of incident gastric cancer was observed across the lifestyle categories (ptrend<0·0001), with a higher risk of gastric cancer in those with an unfavourable lifestyle than those with a favourable lifestyle (2·03 1·46–2·83, p<0·0001). Participants with a high genetic risk and a favourable lifestyle had a lower risk of gastric cancer than those with a high genetic risk and an unfavourable lifestyle (0·53 0·29–0·99, p=0·048), with an absolute risk reduction of 1·12% (95% CI 0·62–1·56).
Chinese individuals at an increased risk of incident gastric cancer could be identified by use of our newly developed polygenic risk score. Compared with individuals at a high genetic risk who adopt an unhealthy lifestyle, those who adopt a healthy lifestyle could substantially reduce their risk of incident gastric cancer.
National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, 333 High-Level Talents Cultivation Project of Jiangsu Province, and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
Telomeres play a key role in the maintenance of chromosome integrity and stability, and telomere shortening is involved in initiation and progression of malignancies. A series of epidemiological ...studies have examined the association between shortened telomeres and risk of cancers, but the findings remain conflicting.
A dataset composed of 11,255 cases and 13,101 controls from 21 publications was included in a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between overall cancer risk or cancer-specific risk and the relative telomere length. Heterogeneity among studies and their publication bias were further assessed by the χ(2)-based Q statistic test and Egger's test, respectively.
The results showed that shorter telomeres were significantly associated with cancer risk (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.14-1.60), compared with longer telomeres. In the stratified analysis by tumor type, the association remained significant in subgroups of bladder cancer (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.38-2.44), lung cancer (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.18-4.88), smoking-related cancers (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.83-2.78), cancers in the digestive system (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.53-1.87) and the urogenital system (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.12-2.67). Furthermore, the results also indicated that the association between the relative telomere length and overall cancer risk was statistically significant in studies of Caucasian subjects, Asian subjects, retrospective designs, hospital-based controls and smaller sample sizes. Funnel plot and Egger's test suggested that there was no publication bias in the current meta-analysis (P = 0.532).
The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the presence of shortened telomeres may be a marker for susceptibility to human cancer, but single larger, well-design prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
For survival and quality of human life, the search for better ways to ensure food safety is constant. However, food contaminants still threaten human health throughout the food chain. In particular, ...food systems are often polluted with multiple contaminants simultaneously, which can cause synergistic effects and greatly increase food toxicity. Therefore, the establishment of multiple food contaminant detection methods is significant in food safety control. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has emerged as a potent candidate for the detection of multicomponents simultaneously. The current review focuses on the SERS-based strategies in multicomponent detection, including the combination of chromatography methods, chemometrics, and microfluidic engineering with the SERS technique. Furthermore, recent applications of SERS in the detection of multiple foodborne bacteria, pesticides, veterinary drugs, food adulterants, mycotoxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are summarized. Finally, challenges and future prospects for the SERS-based detection of multiple food contaminants are discussed to provide research orientation for further.
Genetic variation has an important role in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, genetic factors for lung cancer have not been fully identified, especially in Chinese ...populations, which limits the use of existing polygenic risk scores (PRS) to identify subpopulations at high risk of lung cancer for prevention. We therefore aimed to identify novel loci associated with NSCLC risk, and generate a PRS and evaluate its utility and effectiveness in the prediction of lung cancer risk in Chinese populations.
To systematically identify genetic variants for NSCLC risk, we newly genotyped 19 546 samples from Chinese NSCLC cases and controls from the Nanjing Medical University Global Screening Array Project and did a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 27 120 individuals with NSCLC and 27 355 without NSCLC (13 327 cases and 13 328 controls of Chinese descent as well as 13 793 cases and 14 027 controls of European descent). We then built a PRS for Chinese populations from all reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with lung cancer risk at genome-wide significance level. We evaluated the utility and effectiveness of the generated PRS in predicting subpopulations at high-risk of lung cancer in an independent prospective cohort of 95 408 individuals from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) with more than 10 years' follow-up.
We identified 19 susceptibility loci to be significantly associated with NSCLC risk at p≤5·0 × 10
, including six novel loci. When applied to the CKB cohort, the PRS of the risk loci successfully predicted lung cancer incident cases in a dose-response manner in participants at a high genetic risk (top 10%) than those at a low genetic risk (bottom 10%; adjusted hazard ratio 1·96, 95% CI 1·53-2·51; p
=2·02 × 10
). Specially, we observed consistently separated curves of lung cancer events in individuals at low, intermediate, and high genetic risk, respectively, and PRS was an independent effective risk stratification indicator beyond age and smoking pack-years.
We have shown for the first time that GWAS-derived PRS can be effectively used in discriminating subpopulations at high risk of lung cancer, who might benefit from a practically feasible PRS-based lung cancer screening programme for precision prevention in Chinese populations.
National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Priority Academic Program for the Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, National Key R&D Program of China, Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu, and China's Thousand Talents Program.
TGFβ1 plays a critical role in inflammation and immune responses and treatment response and survival.
variants may affect its expression level or functional efficiency, thus modifying tumor status ...and survival in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP).
We determined tumor HPV16 status and genotyped three
polymorphisms in 564 incident SCCOP patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiation. Univariate and multivariable Cox models were used to evaluate the associations between the three polymorphisms and survival.
Overall, 85% of patients (482 of 564) had HPV16-positive SCCOP. We found that
rs1982073 had statistically significant associations with survival, whereas
rs1800469 and
rs1800471 did not. Patients with
rs1982073 CT/CC variant genotypes had significantly better overall, disease-specific, and disease-free survival compared with those with the corresponding common homozygous TT genotype (all log-rank:
< 0.001). Furthermore, these genotypes were significantly associated with an approximately 5 times reduced risk of overall death, death owing to disease, and recurrence after multivariable adjustment. Moreover, the stratified analyses by tumor HPV status indicated that the significant effects of
rs1982073 polymorphism on survival were found among HPV16-positive SCCOP patients only. Finally, the functional relevance of these variants was further characterized.
Our findings support that the
rs1982073 polymorphism plays a significant role in the prognosis of SCCOP, especially in HPV16-positive SCCOP patients treated with chemoradiation. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
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