Apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation rate were measured to assess the potential of five commercially available protein sources for their inclusion in feeds for juvenile slipper ...lobster, Thenus australiensis. Protein sources tested were fishmeal, krill meal, lupin meal, soybean meal and squid by-product meal. Apparent digestibility of crude protein ranged from 79.6% to 95.3%, with fishmeal protein significantly less digestible than lupin meal, squid by-product meal and soybean meal. Gastrointestinal evacuation rate was estimated from marker replacement, where yttrium oxide replaced ytterbium oxide. Faeces were collected every 3 h for 48 h, and a kinetic model was used to calculate the rate and time for the second marker to replace the first marker. Gastrointestinal evacuation (≥ 95%) was completed between 4 and 6 h with no significant differences among protein sources. Faeces consisted of both markers in equal parts 2.7 to 5.0 h after the feed switch, with lupin meal reaching the midpoint significantly faster than squid by-product meal and reference feed. The present study is the first in crustaceans to examine the relationship between apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation, showing more digestible protein sources had slower evacuation rates. The combined approach provides deeper insight into crustaceans' digestive physiology and helps understand their ability to digest specific ingredients. Further research is recommended to understand protein requirements in a broader context to verify highly digestible protein sources meet all nutritional requirements.
Display omitted
•First description of the relationship between apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation rate in crustaceans.•Crude protein from lupin meal, squid by-product meal, and soybean meal was significantly more digestible than fishmeal.•The marker replacement method is a new approach for crustaceans and has the advantage of allowing a natural feeding regime.•The fastest reported gastrointestinal evacuation in crustaceans with a completion (≥ 95%) between 4 and 6 h.•More digestible protein sources have slower evacuation rates.
Lewis structures are fundamental to learning chemistry, yet many students struggle to develop a complex understanding of its meaning and uses. Writing-to-Learn supports students in developing a ...deeper conceptual understanding of the topic, making it an ideal pedagogy to apply to student learning of Lewis structures. One difficulty often associated with classroom writing is the capacity of instructors to provide feedback to each student on their written work; however, this practical constraint can be mitigated through incorporating peer review. Peer review and revision are known to support conceptual learning and yet are underutilized in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) classrooms. Additionally, peer review is an authentic, common, and necessary practice in chemistry research, which warrants its incorporation early on in chemistry courses. A major concern regarding the use of peer review-based feedback is the ability of students to provide concept-based feedback that is both correct and detailed enough to enhance student understanding and support substantial revisions. In response, this work investigates the relationship between revision and the characteristics of students’ peer review comments in the context of a Writing-to-Learn assignment focusing on student understanding of Lewis structures. Chemistry students wrote a summary of Lewis’ 1916 paper introducing Lewis structures, participated in peer review, and revised their work in response to a structured prompt detailing specific chemistry concepts to be covered. The peer review comments and students’ revisions were thematically analyzed. The peer review comments were deductively analyzed according to an analytical framework to characterize the usefulness of comments. The extent and type of student revisions were also analyzed and paired, if relevant, with the associated peer review comments. Results indicate that students provided both detailed and conceptually focused comments on their peers’ work, irrespective of specific chemistry content being addressed. Although the assignment and peer review rubric were content focused, students made a mixture of editing and content revisions following peer review. These results suggest that further scaffolding of what constitutes good feedback and revision may further promote student learning.
Spiny lobsters have a range of complex chemical communication pathways that contribute to feeding behaviour. Feed intake is modulated by feed availability and feed characteristics, such as ...attractiveness and palatability, with behavioural factors, such as social competition and circadian rhythm, providing an extra layer of complexity. In this study, we investigated the effect of feed frequency on survival and growth of early-stage (instar 2–6) juvenile Palunirus ornatus. In addition, we investigated the interactive effect of feed frequency and circadian rhythm on lobster feed response. Lobsters were fed a set ration at a frequency of either one, two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two times per day over 49 days. The effect of feed frequency on growth and survival was determined. Circadian feeding activity under these feeding treatments was assessed by time-lapse photography. Increased feed frequency from one to sixteen feeds daily improved growth by increasing apparent feed intake (AFI) and feed attraction, as confirmed by the increased presence of lobsters in the feeding area. The rapid leaching of feed attractant, particularly free amino acid, suggests a beneficial effect of multiple feeding frequencies on feed intake and growth. However, more than sixteen feeds per day resulted in decreased feed intake and a subsequent reduction in growth. The decrease in feed intake is thought to be associated with saturation of the culture environment with attractants, resulting in a reduced behavioural response to feed supplies. This may indicate the need for depletion of attractants to retrigger a feeding response. As lobsters were grown communally, faster growth at sixteen rations per day was also coupled with increased cannibalism, likely driven by increased vulnerability with the occurrence of more frequent ecdysis events. Whereas circadian rhythm indicated more activity at night, an interaction between daytime activity and feed frequency was not observed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an unpredictable and life-threatening toxicity, which occurs early in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. Approximately 5% of children ...will experience VTE which is treated with anticoagulation. Asparaginase and corticosteroids are etiologic factors for VTE, however other clinical factors may modify this risk.
We sought to i) assess published pre-treatment VTE risk factors ii) identify early clinical factors that were associated with VTE and iii) determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with VTE in non-cancer patients contributed to VTE in children with ALL. We performed a detailed, retrospective analysis of 1021 ALL patients treated between 1998 and 2013. Individual patient records were reviewed to ascertain VTE incidence and document treatment-related clinical variables.
The incidence of VTE was 5.1%. Extremes of weight at diagnosis (<5th or >95th centile) was an independent risk factor in multivariable analysis, when added to published risk factors of age ≥10 years and mediastinal mass. When factors during induction/consolidation were considered separately: bacteremia, elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin were associated with VTE occurrence. None of the SNPs associated with VTE in non-cancer populations were significantly associated with VTE in our cohort.
We found two known risk factors (age ≥ 10 years and mediastinal mass) in a large cohort of children treated for ALL and identified other factors associated with VTE such as weight extremes at diagnosis, bacteremia, and abnormal liver function which warrant further study. These VTE risk factors may form the basis of future thromboprophylaxis trials.
•Baseline and treatment-related factors were collected on 1021 consecutive children.•Risk from age ≥10 years and mediastinal mass were validated in a BFM-based cohort.•Baseline weight (<5th or >95th centile) was a risk factor for VTE in ALL therapy.•Bacteremia, raised GGT and bilirubin during early therapy contributed to VTE risk.•Genetic risk factors for VTE in ALL therapy may differ from non-malignant cohorts.
NASA's Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission will make the first in situ measurements of the solar corona and the birthplace of the solar wind. The FIELDS instrument suite on SPP will make direct ...measurements of electric and magnetic fields, the properties of in situ plasma waves, electron density and temperature profiles, and interplanetary radio emissions, amongst other things. Here, we describe the scientific objectives targeted by the SPP/FIELDS instrument, the instrument design itself, and the instrument concept of operations and planned data products.
Background Asthma prevalence varies widely among neighborhoods within New York City. Exposure to mouse and cockroach allergens has been suggested as a cause. Objective To test the hypotheses that ...children living in high asthma prevalence neighborhoods (HAPNs) would have higher concentrations of cockroach and mouse allergens in their homes than children in low asthma prevalence neighborhoods (LAPNs), and that these exposures would be related to sensitization and asthma. Methods In the New York City Neighborhood Asthma and Allergy Study, a case-control study of asthma, children 7 to 8 years old from HAPNs (n = 120) and LAPNs (n = 119) were recruited through the same middle-income health insurance plan. Children were classified as asthma cases (n = 128) or controls without asthma (n = 111) on the basis of reported symptoms or medication use. Allergens were measured in bed dust. Results HAPN homes had higher Bla g 2 ( P = .001), Mus m 1 ( P = .003), and Fel d 1 ( P = .003) and lower Der f 1 ( P = .001) than LAPN homes. Sensitization to indoor allergens was associated with asthma, but relevant allergens differed between LAPNs and HAPNs. Sensitization to cockroach was more common among HAPN than LAPN children (23.7% vs 10.8%; P = .011). Increasing allergen exposure was associated with increased probability of sensitization (IgE) to cockroach ( P < .001), dust mite ( P = .009), and cat ( P = .001), but not mouse ( P = .58) or dog ( P = .85). Conclusion These findings further demonstrate the relevance of exposure and sensitization to cockroach and mouse in an urban community and suggest that cockroach allergen exposure could contribute to the higher asthma prevalence observed in some compared with other New York City neighborhoods.
Growing evidence suggests a consistent association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and cognitive impairment and dementia that is independent of clinical stroke. This report from the AF-SCREEN ...International Collaboration summarizes the evidence linking AF to cognitive impairment and dementia. It provides guidance on the investigation and management of dementia in patients with AF on the basis of best available evidence. The document also addresses suspected pathophysiologic mechanisms and identifies knowledge gaps for future research. Whereas AF and dementia share numerous risk factors, the association appears to be independent of these variables. Nevertheless, the evidence remains inconclusive regarding a direct causal effect. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed, some of which are potentially amenable to early intervention, including cerebral microinfarction, AF-related cerebral hypoperfusion, inflammation, microhemorrhage, brain atrophy, and systemic atherosclerotic vascular disease. The mitigating role of oral anticoagulation in specific subgroups (eg, low stroke risk, short duration or silent AF, after successful AF ablation, or atrial cardiopathy) and the effect of rhythm versus rate control strategies remain unknown. Likewise, screening for AF (in cognitively normal or cognitively impaired patients) and screening for cognitive impairment in patients with AF are debated. The pathophysiology of dementia and therapeutic strategies to reduce cognitive impairment warrant further investigation in individuals with AF. Cognition should be evaluated in future AF studies and integrated with patient-specific outcome priorities and patient preferences. Further large-scale prospective studies and randomized trials are needed to establish whether AF is a risk factor for cognitive impairment, to investigate strategies to prevent dementia, and to determine whether screening for unknown AF followed by targeted therapy might prevent or reduce cognitive impairment and dementia.
PurposeTo investigate whether the observed international differences in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treatment rates within the Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting (BOOST) II trials might ...have been caused by international variation in ROP disease grading.MethodsGroups of BOOST II trial ophthalmologists in UK, Australia, and New Zealand (ANZ), and an international reference group (INT) used a web based system to grade a selection of RetCam images of ROP acquired during the BOOST II UK trial. Rates of decisions to treat, plus disease grading, ROP stage grading, ROP zone grading, inter-observer variation within groups and intra-observer variation within groups were measured.ResultsForty-two eye examinations were graded. UK ophthalmologists diagnosed treat-requiring ROP more frequently than ANZ ophthalmologists, 13.9 (3.49) compared to 9.4 (4.46) eye examinations, P=0.038. UK ophthalmologists diagnosed plus disease more frequently than ANZ ophthalmologists, 14.1 (6.23) compared to 8.5 (3.24) eye examinations, P=0.021. ANZ ophthalmologists diagnosed stage 2 ROP more frequently than UK ophthalmologists, 20.2 (5.8) compared to 12.7 (7.1) eye examinations, P=0.026. There were no other significant differences in the grading of ROP stage or zone. Inter-observer variation was higher within the UK group than within the ANZ group. Intra-observer variation was low in both groups.ConclusionsWe have found evidence of international variation in the diagnosis of treatment-requiring ROP. Improved standardisation of the diagnosis of treatment-requiring ROP is required. Measures might include improved training in the grading of ROP, using an international approach, and further development of ROP image analysis software.
Background
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a very common inflammatory disease that impairs quality of life and is associated with high healthcare spending. Chronic rhinosinusitis treatment commonly ...involves the use of intranasal corticosteroids, oral antibiotics, and surgery. Macrolides have been identified as a potential treatment option for chronic rhinosinusitis due to their immunomodulatory effects; however, the evidence supporting their use is still conflicting.
Objective
The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate new evidence along with previously reported studies of the use of macrolides in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Search strategy
Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS, clinicaltrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were all searched (until June 2015 Medline and EMBASE searches were updated January 2016). Randomised controlled trials comparing low‐dose macrolide antibiotics versus placebo, as an adjunct to other therapies, or low‐dose macrolide therapy alone versus other therapies were included in this review.
Evaluation method
Quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Continuous outcomes were expressed as mean differences or standardised mean differences with 95% confidence interval. Data were pooled using fixed‐effects models.
Results
Nine randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Studies were classified into three distinct comparisons: Low‐dose macrolide therapy vs. placebo, low‐dose macrolide +/− nasal steroids vs. nasal steroid and low‐dose macrolides vs. other therapies. The overall quality of the evidence is low due to limitations in study design, imprecision, and indirectness.
Conclusions
Positive results were seen with the use of macrolide therapy in the postoperative period in patients with nasal polyps. A firm conclusion with respect to the effectiveness of the use of macrolides for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis cannot be reached based on the available evidence. Further study using a placebo‐controlled design evaluating the use of macrolides in clearly defined chronic rhinosinusitis populations is needed.
PDF
