Background and Purpose Pharmacological strategies aimed to facilitate neuronal renewal in the adult brain, by promoting endogenous neurogenesis, constitute promising therapeutic options for ...pathological or traumatic brain lesions. We have previously shown that non-tumour-promoting PKC-activating compounds (12-deoxyphorbols) promote adult neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation in vitro and in vivo, enhancing the endogenous neurogenic response of the brain to a traumatic injury. Here, we show for the first time that a diterpene with a lathyrane skeleton can also activate PKC and promote NPC proliferation. Experimental Approach We isolated four lathyranes from the latex of Euphorbia plants and tested their effect on postnatal NPC proliferation, using neurosphere cultures. The bioactive lathyrane ELAC (3,12-di-O-acetyl-8-O-tigloilingol) was also injected into the ventricles of adult mice to analyse its effect on adult NPC proliferation in vivo. Key Results The lathyrane ELAC activated PKC and significantly increased postnatal NPC proliferation in vitro, particularly in synergy with FGF2. In addition ELAC stimulated proliferation of NPC, specifically affecting undifferentiated transit amplifying cells. The proliferative effect of ELAC was reversed by either the classical/novel PKC inhibitor Gö6850 or the classical PKC inhibitor Gö6976, suggesting that NPC proliferation is promoted in response to activation of classical PKCs, particularly PKCß. ELAC slightly increased the proportion of NPC expressing Sox2. The effects of ELAC disappeared upon acetylation of its C7-hydroxyl group. Conclusions and Implications We propose lathyranes like ELAC as new drug candidates to modulate adult neurogenesis through PKC activation. Functional and structural comparisons between ELAC and phorboids are included.
Introduction
Cortical thinning is a marker of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the age‐related trajectory of cortical thickness across the lifespan (9‐59 years) in a ...Colombian kindred with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD).
Methods
Two hundred eleven participants (105 presenilin‐1 PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers, 16 with cognitive impairment; 106 non‐carriers) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. A piecewise linear regression identified change‐points in the age‐related trajectory of cortical thickness in carriers and non‐carriers.
Results
Unimpaired carriers exhibited elevated cortical thickness compared to non‐carriers, and thickness more negatively correlated with age and cognition in carriers relative to non‐carriers. We found increased cortical thickness in child carriers, after which thickness steadied compared to non‐carriers prior to a rapid reduction in the decade leading up to the expected age at cognitive impairment in carriers.
Discussion
Findings suggest that cortical thickness may fluctuate across the ADAD lifespan, from early‐life increased thickness to atrophy proximal to clinical onset.
The research was a question of research. What is the effect of a training program in human talent management in rural entrepreneurship cooperatives in the province of Manabí? Developing through an ...explanatory type and quasi-experimental design, the population was made up of 36 entrepreneurs for the control group and 31 entrepreneurs for the experimental group, who received the treatment. The experimental group offers a result of 043 of bilateral significance, which demonstrates that the treatment had a significant effect on the population sample, therefore the valid hypothesis is accepted. Research cooperatives are sensitized and trained in maintaining the permanent formation of their human talent, which will allow them to consolidate their business idea, coupled with the possibility of being effective as a product of the permanent education of their human talent.
La investigación tuvo por interrogante de investigación ¿Cuál es el efecto de un programa de formación en gestión del talento humano en cooperativas de emprendimiento rural de la provincia de Manabí? Desarrollándose mediante un tipo explicativa y diseño cuasi experimental, la población estuvo conformada por 36 emprendedores para el grupo control y 31 emprendedores para el grupo experimental, quienes recibieron el tratamiento. El grupo experimental ofrece un resultado de ,043 de significancia bilateral, lo cual demuestra que el tratamiento surtió efecto significativo en la muestra poblacional, por lo tanto se acepta la hipótesis valida. Las cooperativas de investigación se encuentran sensibilizadas y formadas en mantener la formación permanente de su talento humano, lo cual les permitirá la consolidación de su idea de negocio, aunado a la posibilidad de ser efectivos como producto de la educación permanente de su talento humano.
The defoliation in the tissue replacement of Brachiaria humidicolaCIAT 6133 was evaluated by cuts at 9, 12 and 15 cm in height, harvested at 3, 4 and 5 and 5, 6 and 7 weeks in rains and norths, ...respectively. Every seven days the leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (FER), leaf senescence rate (LSR) and net leaf growth (NFG) and stem density (DS) were measured every month. In rains, the highest LARwas 0.097 leaves stem-1day-1with cuts at 15 cm, every three weeks, in north 0.044 leaves stem-1day-1with cuts at 9 cm and 0.047 leaves stem-1day-1every seven weeks. The highest FERand NFGoccurred with cuts at 15 cm;in rains of 1.85 and 1.81, and in northsof 0.53 and 0.45 cm stem-1day-1, respectively. In rains the highest FERoccurred in week two of the regrowth (1.8 cm stem-1day-1), while in the north it was in week three of regrowth (0.45, 0.5 and 0.46 cm stem-1day-1). The LSRincreased from week four onwards in both seasons. The DSwas maximum at three and four weeks in rains and norths, at five and six weeks. The greatest leaf growth occurred in sections 15 cm high three weeks after regrowth, regardless of the interval between cuts and time of year, and the highest stem density at three and four weeks in rains and five and six weeks in norths
Se evaluó la defoliación en el recambio de tejido de Brachiaria humidicola CIAT 6133 mediante cortes a 9, 12 y 15 cm de altura, cosechada a 3, 4 y 5 y 5, 6 y 7 semanas en lluvias y nortes, respectivamente. Cada siete días se midió: tasa de aparición de hojas (TAH), tasa de elongación foliar (TEF), tasa de senescencia foliar (TSF) y crecimiento neto foliar (CNF) y la densidad de tallos (DT) cada mes. En lluvias, la mayor TAH fue de 0.097 hojas tallo-1 día-1 con cortes a 15 cm, cada tres semanas, en nortes 0.044 hojas tallo-1 día-1 con cortes a 9 cm y 0.047 hojas tallo-1 día-1 cada siete semanas. Las mayores TEF y CNF ocurrieron con cortes a 15 cm; en lluvias de 1.85 y 1.81, y en nortes de 0.53 y 0.45 cm tallo-1 día-1, respectivamente. En lluvias las mayores TEF ocurrieron en la semana dos del rebrote (1.8 cm tallo-1 día-1), mientras que en nortes fue en la semana tres de rebrote (0.45, 0.5 y 0.46 cm tallo-1 día-1). La TSF se incrementó de la semana cuatro en adelante en ambas épocas. La DT fue máxima a tres y cuatro semanas en lluvias y nortes, a cinco y seis semanas. El mayor crecimiento foliar ocurrió en cortes a 15 cm de altura a las tres semanas del rebrote, independientemente del intervalo entre cortes y época del año y la mayor densidad de tallos a tres y cuatro semanas en lluvias y cinco y seis semanas en nortes.
When treated with a hyperosmotic stimulus, Kluyveromyces lactis cells respond by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) K. lactis Hog1 (KlHog1) protein via two conserved branches, ...SLN1 and SHO1. Mutants affected in only one branch can cope with external hyperosmolarity by activating KlHog1p by phosphorylation, except for single ΔKlste11 and ΔKlste50 mutants, which showed high sensitivity to osmotic stress, even though the other branch (SLN1) was intact. Inactivation of both branches by deletion of KlSHO1 and KlSSK2 also produced sensitivity to high salt. Interestingly, we have observed that in ΔKlste11 and ΔKlsho1 ΔKlssk2 mutants, which exhibit sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress, and contrary to what would be expected, KlHog1p becomes phosphorylated. Additionally, in mutants lacking both MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) present in K. lactis (KlSte11p and KlSsk2p), the hyperosmotic stress induced the phosphorylation and nuclear internalization of KlHog1p, but it failed to induce the transcriptional expression of KlSTL1 and the cell was unable to grow in high-osmolarity medium. KlHog1p phosphorylation via the canonical HOG pathway or in mutants where the SHO1 and SLN1 branches have been inactivated requires not only the presence of KlPbs2p but also its kinase activity. This indicates that when the SHO1 and SLN1 branches are inactivated, high-osmotic-stress conditions activate an independent input that yields active KlPbs2p, which, in turn, renders KlHog1p phosphorylation ineffective. Finally, we found that KlSte11p can alleviate the sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress displayed by a ΔKlsho1 ΔKlssk2 mutant when it is anchored to the plasma membrane by adding the KlSho1p transmembrane segments, indicating that this chimeric protein can substitute for KlSho1p and KlSsk2p.
Prunus cercocarpifolia Villarreal (Rosaceae) is an endemic shrub species restricted to the Sierra Zapalinamé in southeastern Coahuila, Mexico. It is a refuge and food source for native fauna, but ...their populations have been affected by human activities. In this study, we evaluated 11 pregerminative treatments in seeds of this species. These treatments consisted of the imbibition in water and stratification at different times and temperatures. The treated seeds were sown, and we assessed the percentage of germinated, dark, and non-germinated seeds, as well as the proportion of normal and abnormal seedlings. The seed imbibition with endocarp for 48 h at 30°C reached the highest germination percentage (89%), with all seeds being germinated, and 58% of normal seedlings produced. With the stratification for 8 days at 5°C, all seeds were germinated and a 64% of normal seedlings was achieved. Implementing these treatments on nursery produc-tion can contribute to the conservation of this endemic species of northeastern Mexico.
Prunus cercocarpifolia Villarreal (Rosaceae) es una especie arbustiva endémica, restringida a la Sierra Zapalinamé, en el sureste de Coahuila, México; sirve de refugio y alimento para fauna nativa, pero sus poblaciones han sido afectadas por actividades humanas. En este estudio, se evaluaron 11 tratamientos pregerminativos en esta especie, consistentes en la imbibición en agua y estratificación a diferentes tiempos y temperaturas. Se evaluó el porcentaje de semillas germinadas, duras y muertas, así como la proporción de plántulas normales y anormales. La imbibición de semillas con endocarpio por 48 h a 30°C logró el mejor porcentaje de germinación (89%), ninguna semilla sin germinar y 58% de plántulas normales. La estratificación por 8 días a 5°C logró ninguna semilla sin germinar y 64% de plántulas normales. La aplicación de estos tratamientos en la producción en vivero puede contribuir a la conservación de esta especie endémica del noreste de México.
The goal was to develop near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) calibration models to estimate fiber and carbohydrate fractions content inUrochloagrasses grown in tropical Mexico. One hundred ...and eighty-nine samplesof threeUrochloahybrids were cut at 35 days of regrowth for a year. Grasses werewet-chemistry analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent insolubleprotein (NDIP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent insoluble crude protein(ADIP), and lignin (LIG). Also, estimations of total carbohydrates (TC), fibrous car-bohydrates (FC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and undigestible carbohydrates(UC) were computed. Calibration and validation models were evaluated by theircorresponding determination coefficients (R2); cross validation standard errors(SECV); and the residual prediction of the deviation (RPD). The NIRS calibrationmodels developed achieved adequate adjustment and predictive efficiency for NDF(RPD 2.4) and TC (RPD 2.5) showing reliability to predict the fiber and carbohydratefractions ofUrochloagrasses. However, LIG, FC, NFC and UC calibration modelsrequire a larger number of samples to increase the prediction accuracy.
El objetivo fue desarrollar modelos de calibración de espectroscopia de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) para estimar el contenido de las fracciones de fibra y de carbohidratos en pastos Urochloa sp. para la zona tropical de México. Ciento ochenta y nueve muestras de tres híbridos de Urochloa fueron cosechadas cada 35 días durante un año, las cuales fueron analizadas por química húmeda para las fracciones de fibra: Fibra Detergente Neutra (NDF), Proteína insoluble en Detergente Neutro (NDIP), Fibra Detergente Ácida (ADF), Proteína Insoluble en Detergente Ácido (ADIP) y Lignina (LIG), y se estimaron los carbohidratos totales (TC), carbohidratos fibrosos (FC), carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) y carbohidratos indigestibles (UC). Los modelos de calibración y de validación se evaluaron por los respectivos Coeficientes de Determinación (R2); Errores Estándar de Validación Cruzada (SECV); y la desviación residual de la predicción (RPD). Además, con un conjunto de muestras externas, se realizó una prueba de sensibilidad evaluada por el Cuadrado Medio del Error de Predicción (MSPE). Las calibraciones obtenidas presentaron un adecuado ajuste y eficiencia predictiva mediante espectrofotometría NIR para NDF (RPD 2.4) y TC (RPD 2.5) lo que demuestra confiabilidad y capacidad de predicción para estas fracciones. Sin embargo, LIG, FC, NFC y UC requieren más observaciones para acrecentar su confiabilidad.
PDF
