Al 6061
100–
x
–
x
wt % B
4
C (
x
= 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40) composites, prepared by mechanical alloying and compacted at room temperature, have been used for the present investigation. The effects ...of B
4
C content and milling time on the powder morphology, powder particle size, and other powder characteristics such as the apparent density, tap density, flow rate, cohesiveness, and hausner ratio are systematically investigated. The steady state of milling process is determined by observing the correlation between apparent densities and milling time explained by the morphological evolution of the powder particles during the milling process. The Hausner ratio (HR), estimated to evaluate friction between the particles, decreases with an increase in milling duration and B
4
C content due to the changes in morphology and hardness of the powders. The compressibility behavior of post-compacts as a function of compaction pressure and the B
4
C content was analyzed by using several linear and non-linear powder compaction equations. The linear Panelli and Ambrozio Filho, and non-linear Van Der Zwan and Siskens equations give the highest regression coefficients. The results are explained in terms of the plastic deformation capacity and plastic deformation coefficient of the powders, which are influenced by the hardness and the morphology of the powder. After compaction, the supersolidus liquid phase sintering was performed at various temperatures (585, 610 and 630°C) under high purity nitrogen atmosphere. The results revealed that the sinterability was degraded by increasing the reinforcement content, particularly above 10 wt % B
4
C. Neutron radiography measurements conducted on the rolled composite sheet have revealed the uniform distribution of B
4
C particles in the composite.
Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT ( 72 ± 4.70 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05 ), AST ( 157 ± ...24.24 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05 ), urea ( 42 ± 3.08 mg/dL, 0.05 > P > 0.02 ), creatinine ( 1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 0.01 > P > 0.001 ), CK-MB ( 21 ± 1.5 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02 ), and LDH ( 2064 ± 15.98 U/L, P < 0.001 ) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT ( 86 ± 5.0 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02 ), AST ( 251 ± 18.2 U/L, 0.01 > P > 0.001 ), urea ( 57.6 ± 3.84 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01 ), creatinine ( 2.1 ± 0.10 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01 ), CK-MB ( 77 ± 11.22 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02 ), and LDH ( 2562 ± 25.14 U/L, P ≪ 0.001 ). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom ( P > 0.5 ) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT = 52.5 ± 3.51 U/L, AST = 69.5 ± 18.55 U/L, urea = 31.5 ± 0.50 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB = 09 ± 0.85 U/L, and LDH = 763 ± 6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite.
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