Background
Primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) is defined as clonal abnormal hyperplasia of lung parenchyma or bronchial lymphoid tissue originating from bronchial mucosal tissue. However, PPL is rare, ...which accounts for approximately 3-4% of extraneurotic lymphomas and 0.5-1% of all primary tumors in the lung. Owing to the lack of any typical clinical symptoms and radiological features, it is challenging to accurately diagnose PPL, which affects its clinical management and prognosis. Considering this, herein, we aim to raise awareness of this disease and help physicians understand the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of PPL.
Method
A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging data of 19 patients diagnosed with PPL by biopsy pathology at our hospital from April 2014 to December 2021.
Results
Of the 19 PPL patients, 15 patients showed clinical symptoms with the most common being fever and cough. In addition, there were 4 cases that had no clinical symptoms, and all of them were MALT lymphoma. In fact, 16 patients were misdiagnosed as lobar pneumonia, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and diffuse interstitial inflammation, representing a misdiagnosis rate of 84.2%. Also, 73.7% were MALT lymphomas, representing the most common pathological pattern, along with 3 DLBCL and 2 T-cell lymphomas. With reguard to CT signs, the air-bronchial sign was found to be the most common, followed by the halo sign and the collapsed leaf sign. On the basis of the predominant radiologic features, lesions were categorized as pneumonic consolidation, nodular/mass type, diffuse interstitial type, and mixed type. The average SUVmax of lesions was 7.23 ± 4.75, the ratio of SUVmax (lesion/liver) was 3.46 ± 2.25, and the ratio of SUVmax (lesion/mediastinal blood pool) was found to be 5.25 ± 3.27. Of interest, the different pathological types of PPL showed different values of 18F-FDG uptake. The 18F-FDG uptake of DLCBL was the most prominent with a SUVmax of 15.33 ± 6.30 and was higher than that of MALT lymphoma with a SUVmax of 5.74 ± 2.65. There appeared similarity in 18F-FDG uptake between MALT lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma. For the SUVmax of lesion, we found statistical significance between MALT lymphoma and DLCBL (P value<0.001). In addition, we also found statistical significance (P value < 0.05) in SUVmax of lesions between pneumonic consolidation type and nodal/mass type, I stage, and other stages.
Conclusions
On 18F-FDG PET/CT images, certain features of PPL morphology and metabolism can be identified that may contribute to a better understanding of this disease. In addition, 18F-FDG PET/CT whole-body imaging has the potential to refine the staging of PPL. Most importantly, functional 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging can readily reflect tumor cell activity, thus allowing for the selection of an optimal biopsy site.
The Daya Bay experiment has observed correlations between reactor core fuel evolution and changes in the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum. Four antineutrino detectors in two experimental ...halls were used to identify 2.2 million inverse beta decays (IBDs) over 1230 days spanning multiple fuel cycles for each of six 2.9 GW_{th} reactor cores at the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants. Using detector data spanning effective ^{239}Pu fission fractions F_{239} from 0.25 to 0.35, Daya Bay measures an average IBD yield σover ¯_{f} of (5.90±0.13)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission and a fuel-dependent variation in the IBD yield, dσ_{f}/dF_{239}, of (-1.86±0.18)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission. This observation rejects the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino flux as a function of the ^{239}Pu fission fraction at 10 standard deviations. The variation in IBD yield is found to be energy dependent, rejecting the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino energy spectrum at 5.1 standard deviations. While measurements of the evolution in the IBD spectrum show general agreement with predictions from recent reactor models, the measured evolution in total IBD yield disagrees with recent predictions at 3.1σ. This discrepancy indicates that an overall deficit in the measured flux with respect to predictions does not result from equal fractional deficits from the primary fission isotopes ^{235}U, ^{239}Pu, ^{238}U, and ^{241}Pu. Based on measured IBD yield variations, yields of (6.17±0.17) and (4.27±0.26)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission have been determined for the two dominant fission parent isotopes ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu. A 7.8% discrepancy between the observed and predicted ^{235}U yields suggests that this isotope may be the primary contributor to the reactor antineutrino anomaly.
To investigate the effects of transport stress on blood metabolism, glycolytic potential, and meat quality in male Chinese Lingnan meat-type yellow-feathered chickens, three hundred sixty 72-d-old ...birds were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: unstressed control, 45-min (short-term) transport with 45-min (short-term) recovery, 45-min transport with 3-h (long-term) recovery, 3-h (long-term) transport with 45-min recovery, and 3-h transport with 3-h recovery. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates with 12 birds each. All birds (except control group) were transported according to a designed protocol. Long-term transport decreased the plasma glucose level (P < 0.001), glycogen concentration in both breast (P = 0.023) and thigh (P = 0.012) muscles, and affected the size of IIb fibers in the tibialis anterior by decreasing the area (P = 0.031) and increasing the density (P = 0.046), drip loss (P = 0.045), and the a* (redness; P = 0.040) value in breast muscle. Long-term recovery after transport also decreased the plasma glucose level (P = 0.018) and showed a trend toward decreased breast glycogen concentration (P = 0.064). These results suggested that transport did not cause any noticeable changes in overall meat quality characteristics, although breast meat drip loss and meat color were affected. A long-term recovery from a period of feed and water deprivation also caused hypoglycemia and did not improve meat quality in Lingnan meat-type yellow-feathered chickens.
AlCoCrCuFeNi/Mg composite coating was formed by means of laser melt injection using a direct blown powder method with the aim of investigating the effect of Cu rejection in laser forming of ...AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) particle reinforced composite coating on magnesium substrates. It is found that the distribution of rejected Cu was uneven within the formed coating. As a distance from the substrate increased, a higher Cu content was detected in the area between the reinforcing HEA particles. Accordingly, the dendritic and cellular structures of CuMg2 were obtained in the upper region of the composite coating due to a high Cu content. With the Cu concentration decreasing, the microstructure was gradually dominated by columnar Mg when moving towards the substrate. Although microhardness values increased, room temperature dry sliding wear properties of the formed coating were adversely influenced by the Cu rejection due to the formation of the brittle CuMg2 phase. Additionally, the Cu rejection could promote the BCC-structured formation within the HEA particles, and therefore it may cause a change in deformation behavior of the reinforcement due to the increase of hardness and the decrease of plasticity of the reinforcing HEA particles.
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•AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy reinforced composite coating was formed on Mg substrates using a direct blown powder method.•Cu rejection adversely influences the wear properties of the formed coating due to the formation of the brittle CuMg2 phase.•Cu rejection promotes the BCC-structured phase formation within the reinforcement.•Cu rejection has double effects on the deformation behavior of the reinforcement.
Previous studies have shown that Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/TGFβRII-Smad3 signaling is involved in articular cartilage homeostasis. However, the role of TGF-β/ALK5 signaling in articular ...cartilage homeostasis has not been fully defined. In this study, a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches was used to elucidate the role of ALK5 signaling in articular cartilage homeostasis and the development of osteoarthritis (OA).
Mice with inducible cartilage-specific deletion of Alk5 were generated to assess the role of ALK5 in OA development. Alterations in cartilage structure were evaluated histologically. The expressions of genes associated with articular cartilage homeostasis and TGF-β signaling were analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of TGF-β/ALK5 signaling on articular cartilage homeostasis was explored by analyzing the TGF-β/ALK5 signaling-induced expression of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) using specific inhibitors.
Postnatal cartilage-specific deletion of Alk5 induced an OA-like phenotype with degradation of articular cartilage, synovial hyperplasia, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, as well as enhanced chondrocyte apoptosis, overproduction of catabolic factors, and decreased expressions of anabolic factors in chondrocytes. In addition, the expressions of PRG4 mRNA and protein were decreased in Alk5 conditional knockout mice. Furthermore, our results showed, for the first time, that TGF-β/ALK5 signaling regulated PRG4 expression partially through the protein kinase A (PKA)-CREB signaling pathway.
TGF-β/ALK5 signaling maintains articular cartilage homeostasis, in part, by upregulating PRG4 expression through the PKA-CREB signaling pathway in articular chondrocytes.
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disorder caused by hepatic venous outflow obstruction with a wide spectrum of etiologies. Clinical manifestations are so heterogeneous that the diagnosis should ...be considered in any patients with acute or chronic liver disease. Therapeutic modalities for BCS have improved dramatically during the last few years. The concept of a step-wise treatment strategy has been established, including anticoagulation, thrombolysis, percutaneous recanalization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, surgery and liver transplantation. However, this strategy is primarily based on experts' opinions and retrospective case series, rather than prospective randomized trials. Furthermore, an earlier use of TIPS has been proposed in selected cases because of a relatively high mortality from BCS patients who underwent medical therapy alone. Herein, we review the advances in the classification, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of BCS.
The protective effects of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ.Na2) supplementation against oxidized sunflower oil-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in laying hens were examined. ...Three hundred and sixty 53-week-old Hy-Line Gray laying hens were randomly allocated into one of the five dietary treatments. The treatments included: (1) a diet containing 2% fresh sunflower oil; (2) a diet containing 2% thermally oxidized sunflower oil; (3) an oxidized sunflower oil diet with 100 mg/kg of added vitamin E; (4) an oxidized sunflower oil diet with 0.08 mg/kg of PQQ.Na2; and (5) an oxidized sunflower oil diet with 0.12 mg/kg of PQQ.Na2. Birds fed the oxidized sunflower oil diet showed a lower feed intake compared to birds fed the fresh oil diet or oxidized oil diet supplemented with vitamin E (P=0.009). Exposure to oxidized sunflower oil increased plasma malondialdehyde (P<0.001), hepatic reactive oxygen species (P<0.05) and carbonyl group levels (P<0.001), but decreased plasma glutathione levels (P=0.006) in laying hens. These unfavorable changes induced by the oxidized sunflower oil diet were modulated by dietary vitamin E or PQQ.Na2 supplementation to levels comparable to the fresh oil group. Dietary supplementation with PQQ.Na2 or vitamin E increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in plasma and the liver, when compared with the oxidized sunflower oil group (P<0.05). PQQ.Na2 or vitamin E diminished the oxidized sunflower oil diet induced elevation of liver weight (P=0.026), liver to BW ratio (P=0.001) and plasma activities of alanine aminotransferase (P=0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.001) and maintained these indices at the similar levels to the fresh oil diet. Furthermore, oxidized sunflower oil increased hepatic DNA tail length (P<0.05) and tail moment (P<0.05) compared with the fresh oil group. Dietary supplementation of PQQ.Na2 or vitamin E decreased the oxidized oil diet induced DNA tail length and tail moment to the basal levels in fresh oil diet. These results indicate that PQQ.Na2 is a potential antioxidant and is as effective against oxidized oil-related liver injury in laying hens as vitamin E. The protective effects of PQQ.Na2 against liver damage induced by oxidized oil may be partially due to its role in the scavenging of free radicals, inhibiting of lipid peroxidation and enhancing of antioxidant defense systems.
We report a new measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance using the fully constructed Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The final two of eight antineutrino detectors were installed in ...the summer of 2012. Including the 404 days of data collected from October 2012 to November 2013 resulted in a total exposure of 6.9×10^{5} GW_{th} ton days, a 3.6 times increase over our previous results. Improvements in energy calibration limited variations between detectors to 0.2%. Removal of six ^{241}Am-^{13}C radioactive calibration sources reduced the background by a factor of 2 for the detectors in the experimental hall furthest from the reactors. Direct prediction of the antineutrino signal in the far detectors based on the measurements in the near detectors explicitly minimized the dependence of the measurement on models of reactor antineutrino emission. The uncertainties in our estimates of sin^{2}2θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| were halved as a result of these improvements. An analysis of the relative antineutrino rates and energy spectra between detectors gave sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.084±0.005 and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=(2.42±0.11)×10^{-3} eV^{2} in the three-neutrino framework.
The vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein (VSVMP) has been receiving attention as an anticancer agent because of its ability of inducing apoptosis.
Nude mice bearing A2780s and A2780cp ovarian ...tumors were treated twice weekly with i.v. administration of 50 μg VSVMP/250 μg liposome complex, 50 μg empty plasmid/250 μg liposome complex, 0.9% NaCl solution or weekly with i.p. administration of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. Tumor volume and survival time were observed. TUNEL assay and CD34 vessel staining were conducted in tumor tissue. Antiangiogenesis in vivo were determined by sponge assay. Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of VSVMP in vitro were tested on MS1murine endothelial cells and four human ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780s, A2780cp, HO8910 and COC1.
Administration of VSVMP resulted in significant inhibition (87%–98% maximum inhibition relative to controls) in the growth of A2780s and A2780cp tumor xenografts, and prolonged the survival of the treated mice. Complete tumor regression happened in VSVMP-treated mice in both tumor models. These antitumor responses were associated with marked increases in tumor apoptosis and reductions in intratumoral microvessel density.
Our data indicate that VSVMP may provide an effective approach to inhibit both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer growth with minimal side-effects.
Ferrite powder samples of MnxNi1–xFe2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) with single phase (A)B2O4 spinel structure were prepared using a sol–gel method. Following the successful proposal by our group, that the ...magnetic moment directions of Cr2+ (3d4) cations are antiparallel to those of Fe3+ (3d5) and Fe2+ (3d6) cations in a given sublattice of the Cr‐doped spinel ferrites due to the constraints imposed by Hund's rules, we extend here the same idea and assume that the magnetic moment directions of Mn3+ (3d4) cations are also antiparallel to those of Mn2+ (3d5) and divalent and trivalent Fe (Ni) cations in a given sublattice of Mn‐doped spinel ferrites. We have thereby obtained cation distributions for the samples by fitting the magnetic moments of the samples at 10 K. The results indicate that 72% of the Mn cations occupy the B sites in MnFe2O4, which is close to the results for Ni (82%) in NiFe2O4, but is different from the result obtained using the conventional view which yields 80% of the Mn cations in the (A) sites of MnFe2O4. On the basis of the present analyses of the magnetic structure of MnxNi1–xFe2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), we propose here a new model for spinel ferrites that is distinctly different from both the super‐ and the double‐exchange model and that we refer to as the O2p itinerant electron model. Using this model, not only can the magnetic structure of the spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) be explained better than by using the super‐ and double‐exchange interaction models, but also the magnetic structure and the cation distributions of Cr‐, Mn‐, and Ti‐doped spinel ferrites can be explained.
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