This paper presents a modeling comparison on how stabilization of global climate change at about 2 °C above the pre-industrial level could affect economic and energy systems development in China and ...India. Seven General Equilibrium (CGE) and energy system models on either the global or national scale are soft-linked and harmonized with respect to population and economic assumptions. We simulate a climate regime, based on long-term convergence of per capita carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions, starting from the emission pledges presented in the Copenhagen Accord to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and allowing full emissions trading between countries. Under the climate regime, Indian emission allowances are allowed to grow more than the Chinese allowances, due to the per capita convergence rule and the higher population growth in India. Economic and energy implications not only differ among the two countries, but also across model types. Decreased energy intensity is the most important abatement approach in the CGE models, while decreased carbon intensity is most important in the energy system models. The reduction in carbon intensity is mostly achieved through deployment of carbon capture and storage, renewable energy sources and nuclear energy. The economic impacts are generally higher in China than in India, due to higher 2010–2050 cumulative abatement in China and the fact that India can offset more of its abatement cost though international emission trading.
Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer affecting women worldwide. During the last decades, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer have increased in China. This research aims to assess ...the overall and genotype-specific prevalence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Chinese women with normal cervix, considering age, and geographic location. We selected studies about HPV prevalence in women from Chinese in Mainland China with normal cervix and abnormal cervical lesions, published between January 1995 and December 2020. The HPV prevalence was analyzed using meta-analysis based on the following: cytological and histological diagnoses, regions, and ages. The overall HPV prevalence in 856,535 women was 14.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) and it increased from 8.2% to 16.5% in studies published from 2006 to 2020. The prevalence of high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) HPV types was 11.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The commonest types of HPV in women from Mainland China were HPV 16 (2.6%), 52 (2.4%), 58 (1.7%), 18 (0.9%), and 33 (0.8%). According to the geographical analysis, the prevalence of different HPV genotypes varied by region, Central China had the highest overall HPV prevalence. HPV16 was the commonest type in all the regions except in South China and East China, where HPV52 was found to be common. Regarding diagnosis, the HPV infection led to cervical cancer diagnosis by cytology and histology with 90.1% and 91.5% rates, respectively. HPV16 and HPV18 were common types associated with cervical cancer diagnosed by cytology and histology. HPV 16, 58, 52, 18, and 33 were the commonest types found in women with normal cervixes from Mainland China. The prevalence of different HPV genotypes varied by age group and region.
The anthracycline doxorubicin (Doxo) and its analogs daunorubicin (Daun), epirubicin (Epi), and idarubicin (Ida) have been cornerstones of anticancer therapy for nearly five decades. However, their ...clinical application is limited by severe side effects, especially dose-dependent irreversible cardiotoxicity. Other detrimental side effects of anthracyclines include therapy-related malignancies and infertility. It is unclear whether these side effects are coupled to the chemotherapeutic efficacy. Doxo, Daun, Epi, and Ida execute two cellular activities: DNA damage, causing double-strand breaks (DSBs) following poisoning of topoisomerase II (Topo II), and chromatin damage, mediated through histone eviction at selected sites in the genome. Here we report that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity requires the combination of both cellular activities. Topo II poisons with either one of the activities fail to induce cardiotoxicity in mice and human cardiac microtissues, as observed for aclarubicin (Acla) and etoposide (Etop). Further, we show that Doxo can be detoxified by chemically separating these two activities. Anthracycline variants that induce chromatin damage without causing DSBs maintain similar anticancer potency in cell lines, mice, and human acute myeloid leukemia patients, implying that chromatin damage constitutes a major cytotoxic mechanismof anthracyclines. With these anthracyclines abstained from cardiotoxicity and therapy-related tumors, we thus uncoupled the side effects from anticancer efficacy. These results suggest that anthracycline variants acting primarily via chromatin damage may allow prolonged treatment of cancer patients and will improve the quality of life of cancer survivors.
The presence of glide symmetries in periodic structures can introduce beneficial modifications in their electromagnetic properties. The difference between glide and non-glide periodic structures is ...due to the distinctive coupling between their constituent sub-unit cells. In this paper, we describe the recent discoveries on the remarkable properties of glide-symmetric periodic structures, which include widened stopbands, reduced dispersion, as well as enhanced anisotropy and magnetic response. These properties are explained through canonical structures simulated with two methods: mode matching and multimode transfer-matrix analysis. We also review the recent use of these distinctive properties for solving technological problems in practical devices such as filters, gap waveguide components, low-leakage flanges, compressed lenses, low-reflected material transitions and leaky-wave antennas with applications in 5G terrestrial communication systems, millimetre-wave satellite systems and automated contactless measurement techniques.
ZrO
2 ceramic/stainless steel joints were fabricated by pressureless brazing with Ag–Cu filler metals and TiH
2 powders. The microstructures and elemental distributions of the joint cross-section as ...well as the reaction products at the ceramic/filler interface were analyzed using SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The results showed that there existed three zones with a distinguished difference in microstructure crossing the brazing interlayer. A double-layer structure including a reaction layer and a sublayer was formed at the ZrO
2/filler interface, where Ti
4+, Ti
2+ and Zr
2+ were located based on the XPS spectra. It is further found that Ti originated from TiH
2 coating diffused into the whole interlayer. The high activity of neonatal Ti caused the reactions of Ti/ZrO
2 and Ti/Cu, resulting in the interfacial phases such as Ti
3Cu
3O, CuTi
3 and Zr.
Extruded Mg–8.2Gd–3.8Y–1Zn–0.4Zr (wt%) alloy was subjected to ageing treatment at 200°C. The microstructures, textures and mechanical properties of the as-extruded and peak-aged alloys were ...investigated. Recrystallization occurred during ageing treatment. A large number of β′ phases were observed in the peak-aged alloy, accompanied with the decrease of the volume fraction of LPSO phases. A basal fiber texture and an unusual texture component with basal planes perpendicular to the extrusion direction were found in the as-extruded alloy, and the basal fiber texture was strengthened after ageing treatment. The peak-aged alloy exhibited a tensile yield strength (TYS), an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and an elongation to failure of 395MPa, 470MPa and 8%, respectively, at ambient temperature, and 271MPa, 311MPa and 19%, respectively, at 300°C. The superior strength of the peak-aged alloy was mainly attributed to the precipitation of fine β′ phases, the remaining LPSO phases and the texture modification.
Partially stabilised zirconia was joined to stainless steel by pressureless active brazing with Ag-Cu filler metal and TiH2 powder. Microstructure, microchemistry and reaction products of the brazing ...seam were analysed. The effects of brazing temperature and holding time on the joint shear strength were also investigated. The results showed that there existed three zones in the brazing seam and a double-layer structure at the ZrO2/filler interface. Due to the difference in brazing condition, the microstructure including the thicknesses and compositions of the three zones and two layers were different. It was further found that Ti originating from the TiH2 coating diffused into the whole interlayer, resulting in reaction products such as CuTi3, Ti3Cu3O, Cu4Ti3, NiTi2, Ni3Ti and Ti. A maximum joint shear strength of > 90 MPa was obtained due to the improved interface bonding. 21 refs.
The compartment model POSEIDON-R was modified and applied to the Northwestern Pacific and adjacent seas to simulate the transport and fate of radioactivity in the period 1945–2010, and to perform a ...radiological assessment on the releases of radioactivity due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for the period 2011–2040. The model predicts the dispersion of radioactivity in the water column and in sediments, the transfer of radionuclides throughout the marine food web, and subsequent doses to humans due to the consumption of marine products. A generic predictive dynamic food-chain model is used instead of the biological concentration factor (BCF) approach. The radionuclide uptake model for fish has as a central feature the accumulation of radionuclides in the target tissue. The three layer structure of the water column makes it possible to describe the vertical structure of radioactivity in deep waters. In total 175 compartments cover the Northwestern Pacific, the East China and Yellow Seas and the East/Japan Sea. The model was validated from 137Cs data for the period 1945–2010. Calculated concentrations of 137Cs in water, bottom sediments and marine organisms in the coastal compartment, before and after the accident, are in close agreement with measurements from the Japanese agencies. The agreement for water is achieved when an additional continuous flux of 3.6 TBq y−1 is used for underground leakage of contaminated water from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP, during the three years following the accident. The dynamic food web model predicts that due to the delay of the transfer throughout the food web, the concentration of 137Cs for piscivorous fishes returns to background level only in 2016. For the year 2011, the calculated individual dose rate for Fukushima Prefecture due to consumption of fishery products is 3.6 μSv y−1. Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident the collective dose due to ingestion of marine products for Japan increased in 2011 by a factor of 6 in comparison with 2010.
•We applied box model with a dynamical food-chain model for the Northwestern Pacific.•The transport and fate of radioactivity in sea were simulated for the period 1945–2040.•A radiological assessment for marine exposure pathways was performed for the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident.•The predicted concentration of 137Cs for fish returns to background level in 2014–2016.•The collective dose due to ingestion of sea food increased for Japan in 2011 in 6 times.
Pulsed gamma -ray emission from millisecond pulsars (MSPs) has been detected by the sensitive Fermi space telescope, which sheds light on studies of the emission region and its mechanism. In ...particular, the specific patterns of radio and gamma -ray emission from PSR J0101-6422 challenge the popular pulsar models, e.g., outer gap and two-pole caustic models. Using the three-dimensional annular gap model, we have jointly simulated radio and gamma -ray light curves for three representative MSPs (PSR J0034-0534, PSR J0101-6422, and PSR J0437-4715) with distinct radio phase lags, and present the best simulated results for these MSPs, particularly for PSR J0101-6422 with complex radio and gamma -ray pulse profiles, and for PSR J0437-4715 with a radio interpulse. We have found that both the gamma -ray and radio emission originate from the annular gap region located in only one magnetic pole, and the radio emission region is not primarily lower than the gamma -ray region in most cases. In addition, the annular gap model with a small magnetic inclination angle instead of an "orthogonal rotator" can account for the MSPs' radio interpulse with a large phase separation from the main pulse. The annular gap model is a self-consistent model not only for young pulsars but also MSPs, and multi-wavelength light curves can be fundamentally explained using this model.
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