Multi‐component metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with precisely controlled pore environments are highly desired owing to their potential applications in gas adsorption, separation, cooperative ...catalysis, and biomimetics. A series of multi‐component MOFs, namely PCN‐900(RE), were constructed from a combination of tetratopic porphyrinic linkers, linear linkers, and rare‐earth hexanuclear clusters (RE6) under the guidance of thermodynamics. These MOFs exhibit high surface areas (up to 2523 cm2 g−1) and unlimited tunability by modification of metal nodes and/or linker components. Post‐synthetic exchange of linear linkers and metalation of two organic linkers were realized, allowing the incorporation of a wide range of functional moieties. Two different metal sites were sequentially placed on the linear linker and the tetratopic porphyrinic linker, respectively, giving rise to an ideal platform for heterogeneous catalysis.
A series of multi‐component MOFs, namely PCN‐900(RE), were constructed from a combination of tetratopic porphyrinic linkers, linear linkers, and rare‐earth hexanuclear clusters (RE6) under the guidance of thermodynamics. Pore‐environment engineering with precisely placed metal sites was realized in these MOFs, which led to the formation of an efficient heterogeneous catalytic system.
The controlled synthesis of multicomponent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) allows for the precise placement of multiple cooperative functional groups within a framework, leading to emergent ...synergistic effects. Herein, we demonstrate that turn‐on fluorescence sensors can be assembled by combining a fluorophore and a recognition moiety within a complex cavity of a multicomponent MOF. An anthracene‐based fluorescent linker and a hemicyanine‐containing CN−‐responsive linker were sequentially installed into the lattice of PCN‐700. The selective binding of CN− to hemicyanine inhibited the energy transfer between the two moieties, resulting in a fluorescence turn‐on effect. Taking advantage of the high tunability of the MOF platform, the ratio between anthracene and the hemicyanine moiety could be fine‐tuned in order to maximize the sensitivity of the overall framework. The optimized MOF‐sensor had a CN−‐detection limit of 0.05 μm, which is much lower than traditional CN− fluorescent sensors (about 0.2 μm).
An anthracene‐based fluorescent linker and a hemicyanine‐containing CN−‐responsive linker were sequentially installed into the lattice of the metal–organic framework PCN‐700. The proximity and periodic arrangement of the anthracene and hemicyanine linkers facilitated efficient energy transfer between the two components, causing fluorescence quenching. The binding of CN− to hemicyanine inhibited this energy transfer, resulting in fluorescence.
Superstructures have attracted extensive attention because of their potential applications in materials science and biology. Herein, we fabricate the first centimeter‐sized porous superstructure of ...carbon nanosheets (SCNS) by using metal–organic framework nanoparticles as a template and polyvinylpyrrolidone as an additional carbon source. The SCNS shows a honeycomb‐like morphology with wall‐sharing carbon cages, in each cavity of which a porous carbon sphere is encapsulated. A single piece of SCNS is directly used as the electrode for a two‐electrode symmetrical supercapacitor cell without any binders and supports, benefiting from its advantage in ultra‐large geometric size, and the Fe‐immobilized SCNS exhibits excellent catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction and in a Zn–air battery. This synthetic strategy presents a facile approach for preparing functional SCNS at centimetric scale with controllable morphologies and compositions favoring the fabrication of energy devices.
Nanosheets to honeycombs: Superstructures have attracted extensive attention in material science and biology. The first centimeter‐sized porous superstructure of carbon nanosheets was prepared by using MOF nanoparticles as a template, which exhibits a honeycomb‐like morphology with wall‐sharing carbon cages and shows great potential applications in electrochemical devices.
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) over semiconductor photocatalysts is usually constrained by the limited light‐harvesting and separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Most of the ...reported systems focusing on PHE are facilitated by consuming the photoinduced holes with organic sacrificial electron donors (SEDs). The introduction of the SEDs not only causes the environmental problem, but also increases the cost of the reaction. Herein, a dual‐functional photocatalyst is developed with the morphology of sandwiched‐like hollowed Pd@TiO2@ZnIn2S4 nanobox, which is synthesized by choosing microporous zeolites with sub‐nanometer‐sized Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) embedded as the sacrificial templates. The ternary Pd@TiO2@ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst exhibits a superior PHE rate (5.35 mmol g−1 h−1) and benzylamine oxidation conversion rate (>99%) simultaneously without adding any other SEDs. The PHE performance is superior to the reported composites of TiO2 and ZnIn2S4, which is attributed to the elevated light capture ability induced by the hollow structure, and the enhanced charge separation efficiency facilitated by the ultrasmall sized Pd NPs. The unique design presented here holds great potential for other highly efficient cooperative dual‐functional photocatalytic reactions.
A dual‐functional photocatalyst with the morphology of sandwiched‐like hollowed Pd@TiO2@ZnIn2S4 nanobox is developed, which is synthesized by choosing microporous zeolites with sub‐nanometer‐sized Pd nanoparticles embedded as the sacrificial templates. The ternary Pd@TiO2@ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst exhibits a superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate and benzylamine oxidation conversion rate simultaneously without adding any other sacrificial electron donors.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on group 3 and 4 metals are considered as the most promising MOFs for varying practical applications including water adsorption, carbon conversion, and ...biomedical applications. The relatively strong coordination bonds and versatile coordination modes within these MOFs endow the framework with high chemical stability, diverse structures and topologies, and interesting properties and functions. Herein, the significant progress made on this series of MOFs since 2018 is summarized and an update on the current status and future trends on the structural design of robust MOFs with high connectivity is provided. Cluster chemistry involving Y, lanthanides (Ln, from La to Lu), actinides (An, from Ac to Lr), Ti, and Zr is initially introduced. This is followed by a review of recently developed MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals with their structures discussed based on the types of inorganic or organic building blocks. The novel properties and arising applications of these MOFs in catalysis, adsorption and separation, delivery, and sensing are highlighted. Overall, this review is expected to provide a timely summary on MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals, which shall guide the future discovery and development of stable and functional MOFs for practical applications.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on group 3 and 4 metals with high chemical stability, structural diversity, and various interesting properties are reviewed. Cluster and framework chemistry of group 3 and 4 metals are expected to provide a timely summary on MOF development, which shall guide the discovery and development of stable and functional MOFs for practical applications.
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts strong thermal forcing on the atmosphere over Asian monsoon region and supplies water resources to adjacent river basins. Recently, the Plateau experienced evident ...climate changes, which have changed atmospheric and hydrological cycles and thus reshaped the local environment. This study reviewed recent research progress in the climate changes and explored their impacts on the Plateau energy and water cycle, based on which a conceptual model to synthesize these changes was proposed and urgent issues to be explored were summarized.
The TP has experienced an overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and wind stilling since the beginning of the 1980s. The surface warming depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern is consistent with the one of the glacier change. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, and both facilitated the trigger of more deep-clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between the Asian high-latitude and low-latitude.
The climate changes had weakened the thermal forcing over the TP. The warming and wind stilling lowered the Bowen ratio and led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling was enhanced, mainly by outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly by solar radiation reflection. Both processes contributed to the thermal forcing weakening over the Plateau. The water cycle was also altered by the climate changes. The wind stilling may have weakened water vapor exchange between the Asia monsoon region and the Plateau and thus led to less precipitation in the monsoon-impacted southern and eastern Plateau, but the warming enhanced land evaporation. Their overlap resulted in runoff reduction in the southern and eastern Plateau regions. By contrast, more convective precipitation over the central TP was triggered under the warmer and moister condition and yielded more runoff; meanwhile, the solar dimming weakened lake evaporation. The two together with enhanced glacier melts contributed to the lake expansion in the central TP.
Recent years have witnessed the exploration and synthesis of an increasing number of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The utilization of stable MOFs as a platform for catalysis and biomimetics is ...discussed. This Feature Article will provide insights into the rational design and synthesis of three types of stable MOF catalysts on the basis of structural features of MOFs, that is, (i) MOF catalysts with catalytic sites on metal nodes, (ii) MOF catalysts with catalytic sites immobilized in organic struts, and (iii) MOF catalysts with catalytic centres encapsulated in the pores. Then, MOFs used in biomimetics including biomimetic mineralization, biosensors and biomimetic replication are introduced. Finally, a discussion on the challenges that must be addressed for successful implementation of MOFs in catalysis and biomimetics is presented.
Recent years have witnessed the exploration and synthesis of an increasing number of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The utilization of stable MOFs as a platform for catalysis and biomimetics is discussed.
Crystal engineering of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has allowed the construction of complex structures at atomic precision, but has yet to reach the same level of sophistication as organic ...synthesis. The synthesis of complex MOFs with multiple organic and/or inorganic components is ultimately limited by the lack of control over framework assembly in one-pot reactions. Herein, we demonstrate that multi-component MOFs with unprecedented complexity can be constructed in a predictable and stepwise manner under simple kinetic guidance, which conceptually mimics the retrosynthetic approach utilized to construct complicated organic molecules. Four multi-component MOFs were synthesized by the subsequent incorporation of organic linkers and inorganic clusters into the cavity of a mesoporous MOF, each composed of up to three different metals and two different linkers. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of such a retrosynthetic design through the construction of a cooperative bimetallic catalytic system with two collaborative metal sites for three-component Strecker reactions.
Objectives
The purposes of this study were to clarify (i) the prevalence of pneumoconiosis among young adults and (ii) the factors associated with pneumoconiosis among young adults to explore ...targeted solution for control of pneumoconiosis among young adults (aged 24‐44 years).
Methods
The new cases diagnosed from 2001 to 2015 (extracted from the National Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System) were involved in this research, including information of employer, patient's name, date of birth, gender, date of diagnosis, first year of dust exposure, duration of exposure, aggregation etc
Results
A total of 1519 pneumoconiosis cases were diagnosed among young adults (21.6% of overall cases). Silicosis was the most common type with acute process of disease. Compared with overall cases, the young patients had shorter duration of exposure, more stage II/III cases and higher aggravation rate; and were even more concentrated in small and medium enterprises where more migrant workers were employed and insufficient protective measures were used. Without further regulation, the prevalence of pneumoconiosis among young adults would bring not only disease suffering for 3000 individuals and their families, but also an annual economic loss up to 180 million yuan for Hebei province till 2025.
Conclusions
As a typical heavily industrialized province of China, Hebei has severe situation on pneumoconiosis among young adults. Special attention and effort on silica‐contacting industries, small and medium enterprises, and migrant workers should be focused in future occupational supervision and regulation among young adults.
Metal halide perovskite quantum dots, with high light-absorption coefficients and tunable electronic properties, have been widely studied as optoelectronic materials, but their applications in ...photocatalysis are hindered by their insufficient stability because of the oxidation and agglomeration under light, heat, and atmospheric conditions. To address this challenge, herein, we encapsulated CsPbBr3 nanocrystals into a stable iron-based metal–organic framework (MOF) with mesoporous cages (∼5.5 and 4.2 nm) via a sequential deposition route to obtain a perovskite-MOF composite material, CsPbBr3@PCN-333(Fe), in which CsPbBr3 nanocrystals were stabilized from aggregation or leaching by the confinement effect of MOF cages. The monodispersed CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (4–5 nm) within the MOF lattice were directly observed by transmission electron microscopy and corresponding mapping analysis and further confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption characterizations. Density functional theory calculations further suggested a significant interfacial charge transfer from CsPbBr3 quantum dots to PCN-333(Fe), which is ideal for photocatalysis. The CsPbBr3@PCN-333(Fe) composite exhibited excellent and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activities in aprotic systems. Furthermore, CsPbBr3@PCN-333(Fe) composite worked as the synergistic photocathode in the photoassisted Li–O2 battery, where CsPbBr3 and PCN-333(Fe) acted as optical antennas and ORR/OER catalytic sites, respectively. The CsPbBr3@PCN-333(Fe) photocathode showed lower overpotential and better cycling stability compared to CsPbBr3 nanocrystals or PCN-333(Fe), highlighting the synergy between CsPbBr3 and PCN-333(Fe) in the composite.
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