The demands for waste heat energy recovery from industrial production, solar energy, and electronic devices have resulted in increasing attention being focused on thermoelectric materials. Over the ...past two decades, significant progress is achieved in inorganic thermoelectric materials. In addition, with the proliferation of wireless mobile devices, economical, efficient, lightweight, and bio‐friendly organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have gradually become promising candidates for thermoelectric devices used in room‐temperature environments. With the development of experimental measurement techniques, the manufacturing for nanoscale thermoelectric devices has become possible. A large number of studies have demonstrated the excellent performance of nanoscale thermoelectric devices, and further improvement of their thermoelectric conversion efficiency is expected to have a significant impact on global energy consumption. Here, the development of experimental measurement methods, theoretical models, and performance modulation for nanoscale OTE materials are summarized. Suggestions and prospects for the future development of these devices are also provided.
Organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices play an important role in developing novel thermoelectric devices. Here, the progresses of nanoscale OTE devices from the aspects of structural, materials, measurement, and theoretical methods, as well as some typical optimization strategies are reviewed, and an outlook is given to provide an inspiration for the future development of OTE devices.
A photocatalytic formal 3+2 cycloaddition of 2H‐azirines with alkynes has been achieved under irradiation by visible light in the presence of organic dye photocatalysts. This transformation provides ...efficient access to highly functionalized pyrroles in good yields and has been applied to the synthesis of drug analogues. A primary trial of photocascade catalysis merging energy transfer and redox neutral reactions was shown to be successful.
Photo(chemistry) op: A photocatalytic formal 3+2 cycloaddition of 2H‐azirines with alkynes has been established under the irradiation of visible light in the presence of an organic dye. This transformation provides efficient access to highly functionalized pyrroles in good yields and has been applied to the formal synthesis of an inhibitor for HMG‐CoA reductase.
With the rapid development of engineered nanomaterials for various applications, in vivo toxicological studies for evaluating the potential hazardous effects of nanomaterials on environmental and ...human safety are in urgent need. Zebrafish has long been considered as the “gold standard” for biosafety assessments of chemicals and pollutants due to its high fecundity, cost-effectiveness, well-characterized developmental stages, optical transparency, and so forth. Thus, zebrafish holds great potential for high-throughput nanotoxicity screening. In this review, we summarize the in vivo toxicological profiles of different nanomaterials, including Ag nanoparticles (NPs), CuO NPs, silica NPs, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, nanoscale metal–organic frameworks, etc, in zebrafish and focus on how the physicochemical properties (e.g., size, surface charge, and surface chemistry) of these nanomaterials influence their biosafety. In addition, we also report the recent advances of the in vivo delivery of nanopharmaceuticals using zebrafish as the model organism for therapeutic assessment, biodistribution tracking, and the controlled release of loaded drugs. Limitations and special considerations of zebrafish model are also discussed. Overall, zebrafish is expected to serve as a high-throughput screening platform for nanotoxicity and drug delivery assessment, which may instruct the design of safe nanomaterials and more effective nanomedicines.
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Systematically dissecting the molecular basis of the cell surface as well as its related biological activities is considered as one of the most cutting-edge fields in fundamental sciences. The advent ...of various advanced cell imaging techniques allows us to gain a glimpse of how the cell surface is structured and coordinated with other cellular components to respond to intracellular signals and environmental stimuli. Nowadays, cell surface-related studies have entered a new era featured by a redirected aim of not just understanding but artificially manipulating/remodeling the cell surface properties. To meet this goal, biologists and chemists are intensely engaged in developing more maneuverable cell surface labeling strategies by exploiting the cell's intrinsic biosynthetic machinery or direct chemical/physical binding methods for imaging, sensing, and biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent advances that focus on the visualization of various cell surface structures/dynamics and accurate monitoring of the microenvironment of the cell surface. Future challenges and opportunities in these fields are discussed, and the importance of cell surface-based studies is highlighted.
We present a comprehensive review on the advancements in cell surface modification strategies and their applications in cell surface-localized imaging and sensing.
Developing a universal nanoplatform for efficient delivery of various drugs to target sites is urgent for overcoming various biological barriers and realizing combinational cancer treatment. ...Nanogels, with the advantages of both hydrogels and nanoparticles, may hold potential for addressing the above issue. Here, a dual‐responsive nanogel platform (HPC nanogel) is constructed using β‐cyclodextrin‐conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA‐βCD), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and cisplatin. HA‐βCD and PEI compose the skeleton of the nanogel, and cisplatin molecules provide the junctions inside the skeleton, thus affording a multiple interactions‐based nanogel. Besides, HA endows the nanogel with hyaluronidase (HAase)‐responsiveness, and cisplatin guarantees the glutathione (GSH)‐responsive ability, which make the nanogel a dual‐responsive platform that can degrade and release the loaded drugs when encountering HAase or GSH. Additionally, the HPC nanogel possesses excellent small‐molecule drug and protein loading and intracellular delivery capabilities. Especially, for proteins, their intracellular delivery via nanogels is not hindered by serum proteins, and the enzymes delivered into cells still maintain their catalytic activities. Furthermore, the nanogel can codeliver different cargoes to achieve “cocktail” chemotherapeutic efficacy and realize combination cancer therapy. Overall, the HPC nanogel can serve as a multifunctional platform capable of delivering desired drugs to treat cancer or other diseases.
A platinum‐coordinated, multiple interactions‐based, and hyaluronidase‐ and glutathione‐responsive nanogel platform is developed for universal drug delivery and combination cancer therapy. The nanogel can encapsulate various small drugs and deliver them into cancer cells regardless of their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity or charge, efficiently deliver peptides and proteins (including enzymes), and realize both the in vitro and in vivo codelivery of multiple cargoes.
To assess the spectrum of pediatric clinical phenotypes in TJP2 disease, we reviewed records of our seven patients in whom intrahepatic cholestasis was associated with biallelic TJP2 variants (13; 12 ...novel) and correlated clinical manifestations with mutation type. The effect of a splicing variant was analyzed with a minigene assay. The effects of three missense variants were analyzed with protein expression in vitro. Our patients had both remitting and persistent cholestasis. Three exhibited growth retardation. Six responded to treatment with cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid, or both. Two had cholecystolithiasis. None required liver transplantation or developed hepatocellular or cholangiocellular malignancy. None manifested extrahepatic disease not attributable to effects of cholestasis. The variant c.2180‐5T>G resulted in exon 15 skipping with in‐frame deletion of 32 amino acid residues in TJP2. The three missense variants decreased but did not abolish TJP2 expression. Patients with truncating or canonical splice‐site variants had clinically more severe disease. TJP2 disease in children includes a full clinical spectrum of severity, with mild or intermittent forms as well as the severe and minimal forms hitherto described. Biallelic TJP2 variants must be considered in children with clinically intermittent or resolved intrahepatic cholestasis.
The overlapping peaks of the target chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) solutes and other unknown CEST solutes affect the quantification results and accuracy of the chemical exchange ...parameters-the fractional concentration,
, exchange rate,
, and transverse relaxation rate,
-for the target solutes. However, to date, no method has been established for assessing the overlapping peaks. This study aimed to develop a method for quantifying the
,
, and
values of a specific CEST solute, as well as assessing the overlap between the CEST peaks of the specific solute(s) and other unknown solutes. A simplified
model was proposed, assuming linear approximation of the other solutes' contributions to
. A CEST data acquisition scheme was applied with various saturation offsets and saturation powers. In addition to fitting the
,
, and
values of the specific solute, the overlapping condition was evaluated based on the root mean square error (RMSE) between the trajectories of the acquired and synthesized data. Single-solute and multi-solute phantoms with various phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations and pH values were used to calculate the
and
of PCr and the corresponding RMSE. The feasibility of RMSE for evaluating the overlapping condition, and the accurate fitting of
and
in weak overlapping conditions, were verified. Furthermore, the method was employed to quantify the nuclear Overhauser effect signal in rat brains and the PCr signal in rat skeletal muscles, providing results that were consistent with those reported in previous studies. In summary, the proposed approach can be applied to evaluate the overlapping condition of CEST peaks and quantify the
,
, and
values of specific solutes, if the weak overlapping condition is satisfied.
A novel and efficient CP bond formation reaction of diarylphosphine oxides with aryl iodides was achieved by combining nickel catalysis and visible‐light‐induced photoredox catalysis. This ...dual‐catalytic reaction showed a broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and afforded the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Compared with the previously reported use of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis in the construction of CC bonds, the methodology described herein was observed to be the first to allow for C‐heteroatom bond formation.
Dual catalysis: A novel and efficient CP bond formation reaction of diarylphosphine oxides with aryl iodides was achieved by combining nickel catalysis and visible‐light‐induced photoredox catalysis (see scheme). This dual‐catalytic reaction showed a broad substrate scope, excellent functional‐group tolerance, and afforded the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Compared with previously reported photoredox/nickel dual catalytic systems, this methodology is the first to allow for Cheteroatom bond formation.
