Background and Objective: A proper bond between enamel and bracket is essential in orthodontic treatment. Recently, a new type of adhesive (universal adhesive) has been introduced, which has been ...claimed to present the ability to bond with metal surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of universal adhesives on shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets to enamel surfaces. Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, 56 intact human premolars were randomly divided into four groups according to the adhesives used. All teeth were etched by 37% phosphoric acid. Then, in Group 1 (control), Transbond XT primer was only applied on the enamel surface. Group 2: Transbond XT primer applied on both enamel and bracket base. Group 3: Single Bond Universal adhesive was applied on both enamel and bracket base. Group 4: G-Permio Bond was applied on both enamel and bracket base. Then, the brackets were bonded to teeth with Transbond XT composite. After storing samples in water for 24 hours and thermocycling (2000 cycles), SBS was recorded using a Universal Testing Machine. The debonded samples were examined under the stereomicroscope at 10x magnification to check the amount of remaining adhesives on teeth (ARI). Findings: Group 3 showed the highest SBS (25.4±8.7 Mpa) and group 2 showed the lowest SBS (16±5.3 Mpa). The SBS of group 3 was significantly more than group 2 (p=0.03) and there was no significant difference between the other groups. There was no significant differences among the four groups in term of ARI score. Conclusion: The bond strength values of orthodontic brackets to enamel using universal adhesives (Single Bond Universal and G-Permio Bond) are similar to the conventional adhesive (Transbond XT).
Background and Objective: One of the most important factors in the success of anterior composite restorations is color stability in different situations in mouth. The aim of this study was to ...evaluate the color stability of four anterior composites in the staining solutions (tea and coffee) and under Ultra-Violette (UV) accelerated aging using spectrophotometer. Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted on 80 samples of four composites (Grandio, G-aenial, Kalore and Estelite Σ quick). Samples were divided into four subgroups (5 samples in each subgroup): immersion in coffee (for 48 hours), tea (for 48 hours), distilled water (as the control group) and exposure to UV for 168 hours. The color of the samples was evaluated by the spectrophotometer before and after the various conditions using the CIE Lab system and color changes (ΔE*ab) were calculated. Findings: In all composites, the maximum and minimum levels of color changes were related to the groups immersed in coffee and distilled water, respectively. The significant color change was observed in all subgroups (ΔE*ab>3.3), except for the control groups and tea-Estelite Σ quick (ΔE*ab=2.79). The highest color change was related to immersion in coffee-Grandio (ΔE*ab=9.084) and the lowest observed in immersion in distilled water-Estelite Σ quick (ΔE*ab=0.836). In coffee immersion subgroups of Grandio and Kalore, higher color change was seen compared to Estelite Σ quick (p=0.02 and p=0.028, respectively). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to tea and coffee and UV accelerated aging leads to clinical color change in Grandio, G-aenial, Kalore and Estelite Σ quick composites.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Bulk fill composites are an innovative class of dental resin composite materials, developed to simplify the restoration procedures, and are preferred to conventional ...composites if they have good mechanical properties and marginal seal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of premolar teeth with mesio-occlusodistal (MOD) cavities restored with bulk and conventional composites. METHODS: In this experimental in-vitro study, 40 sound maxillary premolar teeth were randomly divided into five groups: Group I: Positive control, intact teeth. In the remaining four groups, MOD cavities were prepared. Group II: Negative control, unrestored teeth. In other groups, cavities were restored as follows; Group III: (X-tra fil, bulk filling with 4mm-thick increment), Group IV: (X-tra base, bulk filling+Grandio, incremental filling) Group V: (Grandio, incremental filling with 2mm-thick increment). The restored teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37oC and thermocycled (500 cycles). Specimens were subjected to a compressive load until fracture, and the fracture resistance was recorded in Newton. FINDINGS: The highest fracture resistance values were obtained in group I (1150±507 N) and the lowest in group II (85±62.51 N), which was significantly lower than other groups (p=0.001). The fracture resistance of bulk fill composites and conventional composite did not differ significantly with intact teeth. CONCLUSION: The restoration of teeth with moderate MOD cavity size using bulk fill composites can restore the lost tooth strength to a level comparable to intact teeth and similar to conventional composite.
Probiotics administration in aquafeed is known to increase feed consumption and absorption due to their capacity to release a wide range of digestive enzymes and nutrients which can participate in ...digestion process and feed utilization, along with the absorption of diet components led to an increase in host’s health and well‐being. Furthermore, probiotics improve gut maturation, prevention of intestinal disorders, predigestion of antinutrient factors found in the feed ingredients, gut microbiota, disease resistance against pathogens and metabolism. The beneficial immune effects of probiotics are well established in finfish. However, in comparison, similar studies are less abundant in the shellfish. In this review, the discussions will mainly focus on studies reported the last 2 years. In recent studies, native probiotic bacteria were isolated and fed back to their hosts. Although beneficial effects were demonstrated, some studies showed adverse effects when treated with a high concentration. This adverse effect may be due to the imbalance of the gut microbiota caused by the replenished commensal probiotics. Probiotics revealed greatest effect on the shrimp digestive system particularly in the larval and early post‐larval stages, and stimulate the production of endogenous enzymes in shrimp and contribute with improved the enzyme activities in the gut, as well as disease resistance.
Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human consumption and improved wellbeing. This has led to the development of the aquaculture industry, led through advanced ...production technologies and culture systems in many parts of the world. The intensification of fish production systems by farmers to meet consumer's needs, as well as to generate increased profits, creates a source of stress and the added occurrence of disease and subsequent loss. The negative environmental effects of chemical use have caused legislation to imposed regulations and restrictions to decrease their therapeutic or prophylactic use in aquaculture. As a result, dietary approaches have been suggested as an alternative. Medicinal herbs have been investigated for use in finfish diets to improve immune response and disease resistance. This review paper discusses the suggested modes of action of the effects of medicinal herbs on fish physiology and the immune systems. In addition, a comprehensive literature review on the effects on bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases is also presented. An added objective was to address the gap between existing knowledge and future perspectives for the improvement of fish health and disease resistance through the use of natural products.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of the combination of medicinal herbs extracts (CMO: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), common mallow (Malva sylvestris), and oak ...acorn (Quercus brantii)) on growth, digestive enzymes activity, immune parameters, and disease resistance in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. A total number of three hundred fish (20.80 ± 0.25 g) were randomly attributed to five treatments fed with diets containing 0 (control), 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5% of CMO for a period of 60 days then were challenged with A. hydrophila infection. Based on the results, there were significant differences in all growth parameters, including final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and food conversion ratio (FCR) between CMO supplemented fish and control with the maximum values in the 5% CMO treatment (P < 0.05). Despite the control fish, no mortality was observed in CMO treatments (P < 0.05). CMO diets increased red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (HB), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), while decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Feeding the fish with CMO diets markedly increased total protein, albumin, and globulin values, while triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and cortisol decreased (P < 0.05). Antioxidant biomarkers in CMO-fed fish were significantly higher than those of the control group. Immune parameters in serum and mucus including lysozyme, total immunoglobulin (Total Ig), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), alternative complement activity (ACH50), protease, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in CMO-fed fish compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest survival rates following a challenge with A. hydrophila were observed in 3% CMO and the control treatments, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the the best recommended inclusion level of CMO was 1% to maximize growth performance and improved feed conversion values. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the 3% CMO could elevate the growth, immune systems, antioxidant activity, and resistance to A. hydrophila in common carp.
•Combined medicinal herbs extracts improved carp growth performance.•Carps fed Combined medicinal herbs extracts showed higher digestive enzyme activity.•Immune and antioxidant status were improved in carps fed Combined medicinal herbs extracts.•Combined medicinal herbs extracts increased carp resistance against A. hydrophila.
This study investigates the effects of gradual or abrupt changes in rearing salinity on food transit time and digestive enzymes activity of Caspian kutum (Rutilus kutum) larvae. The larvae ...(532 ± 0.05 mg) were supplied and randomly allocated into 12 tanks at a density of 45 fish per tank. Experimental treatments were fresh water (salinity 0) FW as control, exposure to salinity 5 T₁, and gradual transfer to salinity 10 in two steps of first to 5 h, then and after 12 h to a salinity of 10 T₂, and abrupt change (direct transfer to a salinity of 10 T₃). Results showed at 8 h after start of feeding that the larvae intestine was filled with food pellets except in treatment T₁. Enzyme activity responded to salinity change as follows: the highest trypsin, amylase, and chymotrypsin activities were observed in T₁; however, these were not significantly different to treatment T₃ (P > 0.05). Trypsin activity peaks in the FW and T₂ groups occurred 8 h after feeding, and in T₃ and T₁ groups 5 h after feeding. Peak chymotrypsin and alkaline phosphatase activity was observed 5 and 8 h after feeding in all experiments, respectively. The highest α amylase activity in FW and T₂ groups occurred 5 h after feeding, while in T₃ and T₁ these peaks were observed 8 h after feeding. These results indicate that salinity had some noticeable effects on the activities of digestive enzymes after feeding.
Three retinol acetate (vitamin A)‐supplemented diets containing 0, 5,000, 10,000 IU kg−1 diet (in dry weight) were fed twice daily to triplicate groups (50 fish/group) of Caspian roach (Rutilus ...caspicus) (1.91 ± 0.07 g) for 40 days. At the end of feeding trial, skin mucus antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus faecium, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as soluble protein level, growth performance and haematological parameters was evaluated. Growth performance including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and food conservation ratio as well as the survival rate showed no significant differences between vitamin A‐supplemented diets and control groups (p > .05). The results revealed that the administration of 10,000 IU vitamin A kg−1 significantly increased skin mucus antibacterial activity (p < .05). Furthermore, the soluble protein level of skin mucus was found to be significantly elevated in roach fed diet containing 10,000 IU vitamin A kg−1 (p < .05). Evaluation of haematological parameters revealed no significant difference (p > .05), except white blood cell counts that were significantly higher in vitamin A‐fed roach (p < .05). The results of the present study indicate that dietary vitamin A can modulate mucosal immune response of Caspian roach.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary glucan on some haematological parameters, immune response and intestinal microbiota of Rutilus frisii kutum. In the present study, ...various levels of ingredient so called Hoplit (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) containing glucan was added to a basal formulated diet. Twenty and five kutum fry with a mean (±SD) weight of 1.15±0.06g were stocked in each experimental tank (100 l capacity) filled with 80 liter of water. Fish were fed on experimental diet for 56 days and biometry was performed every 15 days. At the end of the trial blood samples were collected for measurement of haematological parameters including: Red and white blood cells count, differential count of white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin, and innate immune factors (Immunoglobulin and Lysozyme). Fries in 1.5% treatment had highest serum immunoglobins (Ig) and eosinophil, although when compared with control but with no significant differences. Highest MCHC, hematocrit and hemoglobin were observed in the 0.5 and 1% treatments and the highest MCV and red blood cell count were in 0.5 percent treatment. The highest white blood cells count and neutrophils was observed in 2% treatment. The highest and lowest levels of lysozyme activity were observed in 1% and control treatments, respectively. Evaluation of the total bacteria and LAB counts revealed significant increase in 0.5% treatment. According to these results administration of dietary glucan can be considered for stimulation of innate immune response of white fish fry.
In the present study, the effects of Afsanteen (Artemisia absinthium) aqueous extract (AE) were investigated on growth performance, innate immunity, and oxidative status of common carp, Cyprinus ...carpio. Common carp juveniles were fed experimental diets that contained 0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5% of AE for 60 days (75 fish/treatment). Thereafter, the fish growth performance, feed efficiency, serum immune-related, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters were determined. The results showed that diets containing 0.5 and 1% of AE enhanced the growth performance and feed efficiency of the fish. Fish fed with AE supplemented diets (at all concentrations) also displayed higher levels of serum lysozyme, alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, superoxide dismutase, and total protein levels compared to the control diet; the highest levels were observed at 1% AE level. Serum albumin levels of all AE-supplemented treatments were significantly higher than the control treatment. Dietary AE supplementation significantly increased plasma glutathione peroxidase activities; the highest value was related to the fish fed 0.5% AE. All AE treatments showed significantly lower serum catalase activities compared to the control; the lowest value was related to 1.5% AE. 0.5 and 1% AE significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde levels. All AE- treated fish exhibited significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities; the lowest values were observed in 0.5% or 1% AE. In conclusion, dietary inclusions of AE in juvenile common carp increased growth performance and feed efficiency, improved the innate immunity and antioxidant response, and improved hepatic health. AE at 0.5–1% levels is recommended for common carp diet formulation.
•The effects of dietary Afsanteen (Artemisia absinthium) aqueous extract (0–1.5% AE) were studied in common carp.•Dietary AE supplementation improved humoral immune parameters and liver health.•Dietary AE supplementation exhibited enhanced antioxidant potential of common carp.•AE inclusion significantly increased growth performance.
PDF
