Excess nutrition causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and reduces odour discrimination and odour perception in mice. To separate diet‐induced obesity from the consumption of dietary fat, ...we designed pair‐feeding experiments whereby mice were maintained on isocaloric diets for 5 months, which prevented increased fat storage. To test our hypothesis that adiposity was not a prerequisite for loss of OSNs and bulbar projections, we used male and female mice with an odorant receptor‐linked genetic reporter (M72tauLacZ; Olfr160) to visualize neural circuitry changes resulting from elevated fat in the diet. Simultaneously we monitored glucose clearance (diagnostic for prediabetes), body fat deposition, ingestive behaviours, select inflammatory markers and energy metabolism. Axonal projections to defined olfactory glomeruli were visualized in whole‐mount brains, and the number of OSNs was manually counted across whole olfactory epithelia. After being pair fed a moderately high‐fat (MHF) diet, mice of both sexes had body weight, adipose deposits, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratios and locomotor activity that were unchanged from control‐fed mice. Despite this, they were still found to lose OSNs and associated bulbar projections. Even with unchanged adipocyte storage, pair‐fed animals had an elevation in TNF cytokines and an intermediate ability for glucose clearance. Albeit improving health metrics, access to voluntary running while consuming an ad libitum fatty diet still precipitated a loss of OSNs and associated axonal projections for male mice. Our results support that long‐term macronutrient imbalance can drive anatomical loss in the olfactory system regardless of total energy expenditure.
Key points
Obesity can disrupt the structure and function of organ systems, including the olfactory system that is important for food selection and satiety.
We designed dietary treatments in mice such that mice received fat, but the total calories provided were the same as in control diets so that they would not gain weight or increase adipose tissue.
Mice that were not obese but consumed isocaloric fatty diets still lost olfactory neuronal circuits, had fewer numbers of olfactory neurons, had an elevation in inflammatory signals and had an intermediate ability to clear glucose (prediabetes).
Mice were allowed access to running wheels while consuming fatty diets, yet still lost olfactory structures.
We conclude that a long‐term imbalance in nutrition that favours fat in the diet disrupts the olfactory system of mice in the absence of obesity.
figure legend Patterns of long‐term dietary consumption and exercise shape neuronal abundance and communication in the olfactory system. Design made in BioRender.
Delayed brain function development in small-gestational-age (SGA) infants has been reported. We aimed to quantify rates of immature neonatal EEG patterns and their association with neurodevelopment ...in SGA full-term neonates.
Using a cohort design, 50 SGA (birthweight <10th percentile) and 44 appropriate-gestational-age (AGA) term neonates underwent continuous video-EEG recordings lasting >3 h. Seventy-three of them were assessed at 2-years-old using Bayley-III-Scales. For EEG analysis, several segments of discontinuous/alternating EEG tracings were selected.
(1) Visual analysis (patterns of EEG maturity); (2) Power spectrum in δ, θ, α and β frequency bands; and (3) scores in motor, cognitive and language development.
(1) SGA infants, compared to AGA, showed: (a) higher percentages of discontinuous EEG, both asynchrony and interhemispheric asymmetry, and bursts with delta-brushes, longer interburst-interval duration and more transients/hour; (b) lower relative power spectrum in δ and higher in α; and (c) lower scores on motor, language and cognitive neurodevelopment. (2) Asymmetry >5%, interburst-interval >5 s, discontinuity >11%, and bursts with delta-brushes >11% were associated with lower scores on Bayley-III.
In this prospective study, SGA full-term neonates showed high rates of immature EEG patterns. Low-birthweight and immaturity EEG were both correlated with low development scores.
Robust predictive control is presented in this article using a three-vector modulation for a grid-connected three-phase inverter. The aims of this article are proposing a robust controller that is ...able to deal with some variations of parameters that occur in practical systems and demonstrating the performance of the controller with experimental tests that change the inductance and consequently the parasitic resistance of the plant; the same controller can predictive the changes to obtain the optimal performance. The article also presents mathematical modeling for plants and controllers and a modulation method to solve the variable frequency problem. Experimental tests corroborate the expected results and validate the controller’s efficiency according to the control system analysis requirements and the IEEE 1547.2-2008 standard.
This research paper presents a model of predictive control with a modulator for the inverter linked to the electrical grid, using the stationary reference frame and operating under grid distorted ...voltage. The stationary reference frame model for the system is obtained in its fundamental frequency and then the model predictive technique is implemented, which predicts the system actions using the obtained system model without the need of any other harmonic consideration. The controller calculates the voltage vector of the inverter through the minimization of the cost function. Thus, the proposal demonstrates, through experiments, its positive results regarding the low impact of the distorted voltage in the grid current without using any harmonic consideration on the model. Experimental results and comparisons carried out endorse the proposal of this work.
Neuromodulation influences neuronal processing, conferring neuronal circuits the flexibility to integrate sensory inputs with behavioral states and the ability to adapt to a continuously changing ...environment. In this original research report, we broadly discuss the basis of neuromodulation that is known to regulate intrinsic firing activity, synaptic communication, and voltage-dependent channels in the olfactory bulb. Because the olfactory system is positioned to integrate sensory inputs with information regarding the internal chemical and behavioral state of an animal, how olfactory information is modulated provides flexibility in coding and behavioral output. Herein we discuss how neuronal microcircuits control complex dynamics of the olfactory networks by homing in on a special class of local interneurons as an example. While receptors for neuromodulation and metabolic peptides are widely expressed in the olfactory circuitry, centrifugal serotonergic and cholinergic inputs modulate glomerular activity and are involved in odor investigation and odor-dependent learning. Little is known about how metabolic peptides and neuromodulators control specific neuronal subpopulations. There is a microcircuit between mitral cells and interneurons that is comprised of deep-short-axon cells in the granule cell layer. These local interneurons express pre-pro-glucagon (PPG) and regulate mitral cell activity, but it is unknown what initiates this type of regulation. Our study investigates the means by which PPG neurons could be recruited by classical neuromodulators and hormonal peptides. We found that two gut hormones, leptin and cholecystokinin, differentially modulate PPG neurons. Cholecystokinin reduces or increases spike frequency, suggesting a heterogeneous signaling pathway in different PPG neurons, while leptin does not affect PPG neuronal firing. Acetylcholine modulates PPG neurons by increasing the spike frequency and eliciting bursts of action potentials, while serotonin does not affect PPG neuron excitability. The mechanisms behind this diverse modulation are not known, however, these results clearly indicate a complex interplay of metabolic signaling molecules and neuromodulators that may fine-tune neuronal microcircuits.
Dental implants are the usual therapy of choice in the dental clinic to replace a loss of natural teeth. Over recent decades there has been an important progress in the design and manufacturing of ...titanium implant surfaces with the goal of improving their osteointegration. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate the usefulness of hDPSCs (human dental pulp stem cells), in combination with autologous plasma components, for in vitro bone generation on biomimetic titanium dental implant materials. In this context, the combination of hDPSCs stimulated by PRGF or PRF and cultured on standard Ti6A14V and biomimetic BAS™ (Avinent Implant System) titanium surfaces were studied in order to evaluate possible enhancements in the osteoblastic differentiation process out of human mesenchymal cells, as well as bone matrix secretion on the implant surface. The results obtained in this in vitro model of osteogenesis suggested a combination of biomimetic rough titanium surfaces, such as BAS™, with autologous plasma-derived fibrin-clot membranes such as PRF and/or insoluble PRGF formulations, but not with an addition of water-soluble supplements of plasma-derived growth factors, to maximise osteoblastic cell differentiation, bone generation, anchorage and osteointegration of titanium-made dental implants.
•Proposed Generalized Predictive Control is formulated.•Dual Primal Interior Point Algorithm is used to minimize the cost function.•A tuning method based on pole curves (Similar to root locus) and ...bode diagram is proposed.•The proposed controller is ported to a Digital Signal Processor, and experimental results are presented to endorse the theory.
This paper proposes a Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) for a Doubly Fed Induction Generation (DFIG) applied to wind energy systems. The present controller uses state-space formulation as the prediction model. Additionally, the vector control strategy was used to control stator active and reactive power, and voltage constraints are added due to the computed voltage can exceed the rated value. Furthermore was proposed a methodology to choose GPC parameters based on its analogue closed-loop transfer function. Finally, the predictive controller with constraints is ported to a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) in a test bench, and experimental results are obtained to endorse the proposed theory.
This paper shows an increase in the robustness of a DFIG-based wind energy system when a predictive-repetitive controller in the dq reference frame is used for the control of the rotor current. This ...designing approach proposes a model predictive control with a receding horizon technique that uses the frequency decomposition of the reference signal as a filter. Furthermore, an augmented space-state model from the original plant model is obtained, and its implementation is addressed from the perspective of normal operating conditions of DFIG in wind energy systems. Additionally, this repetitive controller increases the robustness of the predictive control when a mismatch in machine parameters is considered. Experimental results presented in this paper endorse the advantages of this controller.
In this article, a digital twin is a numerical model of a dam–foundation system with a physical basis. A dam–foundation system exhibits a complex behavior and, therefore, significant simplifications ...are necessary for a numerical model to be feasible, which reduces a model’s accuracy. Differences in the material characteristics of particular regions of the dam and the foundation are usually not considered. An important reason for that is the high computational cost of calibrating a model when many parameters must be optimized in such a way that calibration becomes unfeasible. A new, simple, accurate, and low time-consuming algorithm, the centroid method, is presented that allows the calibration of a dam–foundation system. The extreme efficiency of this algorithm opens the feasibility of calibrating a sectorized numerical model of an arch dam, so that a digital twin is obtained that takes into account the different characteristics of different regions or sectors of the dam and the foundation, more closely approaching the complex behavior of the dam–foundation system.
The present pilot trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of an acute treatment with a mixture containing 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus per day in ...patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
A sample of 30 patients with NAFLD (diagnosed by liver biopsy) was enrolled and 28 patients were analyzed in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized to one of the following treatments during 3 months: group I, treated with one tablet per day with 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus and group II, treated with one placebo tablet (120 mg of starch).
In group I, alanine amino transferase (ALT: 67.7 +/- 25.1 vs. 60.4 +/- 30.4 UI/L; p < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST: 41.3 +/- 15.5 vs. 35.6 +/- 10.4 UI/L; p < 0.05) and gammaglutamine transferase levels (gammaGT: 118.2 +/- 63.1 vs. 107.7 +/- 60.8 UI/L; p < 0.05) decreased. In group II, all liver function parameters remained unchanged (ALT: 60.7 +/- 32.1 vs. 64.8 +/- 35.5 UI/L; p < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST: 31.7 +/- 13.1 vs. 36.4 +/- 13.8 UI/L; ns) and gammaglutamine transferase levels (gammaGT: 82.1 +/- 55.1 vs. 83.6 +/- 65.3 UI/L; ns). Anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors remained unchanged after treatment in both groups.
A tablet of 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, with a randomized clinical design, improved liver aminotransferases levels in patients with NAFLD.
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