Background The technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was introduced to be able to obtain en bloc specimens of large early GI neoplasms. The drawback of ESD is its technical difficulty, ...which, consequently, is associated with a higher rate of complication and which requires advanced endoscopic techniques and a long procedure time. Objective To assess the therapeutic outcome of ESD by expert endoscopists who have at least 3 years' experience of EMR in Korea. Design A retrospective, multicenter study. Patients From January 2006 to June 2007, 1000 early gastric cancers in 952 patients (502 men, 450 women; mean age 62.1 years, range 43-90 years) were treated by using ESD at 6 Korean ESD study group (KESG)–related university hospitals in Korea. Intervention We performed ESD procedures with typical sequences (marking, incision, and submucosal dissection). Main Outcome Measurements The rate of en bloc resection, incidence of complication, and length of procedure. Predetermined factors (various endoscopic and final pathologic features) for these outcomes. Results The rates of en bloc resection, complete en bloc resection, vertical incomplete resection, and piecemeal resection were 95.3%, 87.7%, 1.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. The rates of delayed bleeding, significant bleeding, perforation, and surgery related to complication were 15.6%, 0.6%, 1.2%, and 0.2%, respectively. The mean procedure time was 47.8 ± 38.3 minutes. The rates of en bloc resection differed significantly in relation to the location of the lesions (upper portion vs middle portion vs lower portion of the stomach, 88.6% vs 95.2% vs 96.0%, respectively; P = .02), presence of a scar (no vs yes, 96.0% vs 89.5%, respectively; P = .002), and histologic type (low-grade adenoma vs high-grade adenoma vs differentiated early gastric cancer vs undifferentiated early gastric cancer, 95.8% vs 94.6% vs 96.2% vs 83.8%, respectively; P = .007). The rates of delayed bleeding differed significantly in relation to location (upper portion vs lower portion of the stomach, 28.6% vs 13.8%, respectively; P = .003), the size of the tumor (>40 mm vs <20 mm, 28.6% vs 13.7%, respectively; P = .009), recurrent lesion (29.4% vs 15.1%, respectively; P = .024), and macroscopic type (flat vs elevated, 18.8% vs 12.4%, respectively; P = .047). Factors related to the longer procedure time were location (upper portion vs lower portion of the stomach, 64.8 vs 44.1 minutes, respectively; P < .001), the size of the tumor (>40 mm vs < 20 mm, 67.1 vs 42.0 minutes, respectively; P < .001), the presence of ulcer (54.6 vs 46.8 minutes; P < .045), and the presence of a scar (69.2 vs 45.0 minutes; P < .001). Conclusions ESD is an effective and safe therapy in the management of early gastric neoplasms. Endoscopists have to accept the need for advanced endoscopic techniques for performing ESD in the case of large lesions, scar lesions, undifferentiated cancers, or for the lesions in the upper portion of the stomach. Endoscopists require more experience to decrease complications in patients who have a large or recurrent lesion in the upper portion of the stomach; these lesions also take more time to complete the ESD procedure.
Summary We investigated the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on anti-tuberculosis (TB) activity by measuring inactivation rates, expressed as D -value, of MDR- and XDR- Mycobacterium ...tuberculosis (M. tb) clinical strains in vitro. Approximately 106 colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) of the bacilli were irradiated with various doses of laser light after exposure to photosensitizers. Survival of M. tb was measured by enumerating CFU in 7H10 medium to measure D -values. No inactivation of M. tb was observed when exposed to photosensitizers (radachlorin or DH-I-180-3) only or laser light only ( P > 0.1). Treatment with a combination of photosentizer and laser inactivated M. tb although there was a significant difference between the types of photosensitizers applied ( P < 0.05). Linear inactivation curves for the clinical M. tb strains were obtained up to laser doses of 30 J/cm2 but prolonged irradiation did not linearly inactivate M. tb, yielding sigmoid PDT inactivation curves. D -values of M. tb determined from the slope of linear regression lines in PDT were not significantly different and ranged from 10.50 to 12.13 J/cm2 with 670 nm laser irradiation at 100 mW/cm2 of the fluency rate, except for a drug-susceptible strain among the clinical strains tested. This suggests that PDT inactivated M. tb clinical strains regardless of drug resistance levels of the bacilli. Intermittent and repeated PDT allowed acceleration of the inactivation of the bacilli as a way to avoid the sigmoid inactivation curves. In conclusion, PDT could be alternative as a new option for treatment for MDR- and XDR-tuberculosis.
We report a study on the background of the Advanced Molybdenum-Based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE), a search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) of 100Mo. The pilot stage of the experiment ...was conducted using ∼1.9 kg of 48deplCa100MoO4 crystals at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory, South Korea, from 2015 to 2018. We compared the measured β/γ energy spectra in three experimental configurations with the results of Monte Carlo simulations and identified the background sources in each configuration. We replaced several detector components and enhanced the neutron shielding to lower the background level between configurations. A limit on the half-life of 0νββ decay of 100Mo was found at T1/20ν≥3.0×1023 years at 90% confidence level, based on the measured background and its modeling. Further reduction of the background rate in the AMoRE-I and AMoRE-II are discussed.
The reaction $\mathrm{e}^{+} \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{e}^{+} \mathrm{e}^{-} \gamma ^{*} \gamma ^{*} \rightarrow \mathrm{e}^{+} \mathrm{e}^{-} $ {\sl hadrons} is analysed using data ...collected by the L3 detector during the LEP runs at $\sqrt {s}$ = 130-140 GeV and $\sqrt {s}$ = 161 GeV. The cross sections $\sigma(\mathrm{e}^{+} \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{e}^{+} \mathrm{e}^{-} $ {\sl hadrons}) and $\sigma (\gamma\gamma \rightarrow $ {\sl hadrons}) are measured in the interval 5 $\leq W_{\gamma\gamma} \leq$ 75 GeV. The energy dependence of the $\sigma (\gamma\gamma \rightarrow $ {\sl hadrons}) cross section is consistent with the universal Regge behaviour of total hadronic cross sections. %\end{abstract}
We have investigated the characterization of SiGe/Si quantum dot (QD) structures grown directly onto Si (001) substrates using atmospheric pressure reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition ...(APRPCVD) system in an ASM Epsilon One. The structural properties of the SiGe/Si QD were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and TEM. The optical properties of the SiGe/Si QD were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and photocurrent (PC) measurement. The transition peaks related to the QD region observed in the PC spectrum were preliminarily assigned to electron-heavy hole (e-hh) and electron-light hole (e-lh) transitions.
We have studied the structure of hadronic events with a hard, %radiated isolated photon in the final state ($\mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} \rightarrow$ Z $\rightarrow$ hadrons $+$ $\gamma$) in the 3.6 million ...hadronic data collected with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies around 91 GeV. The centre-of-mass energy of the hadronic system is in the range 30 GeV to 86 GeV. Event shape variables have been measured at these reduced centre-of-mass energies and have been compared with the predictions of different QCD Monte Carlo programs. The event shape variables and the energy dependence of their mean values are well reproduced by QCD models. We fit distributions of several global event shape variables to resummed $\cal{O} \alpha_{s}^{2})$ calculations to determine the strong coupling constant $\alpha_{s}$ over a wide range of energies. We find that the strong coupling constant $\alpha_{s}$ decreases with increasing energy, as expected from QCD.
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