Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an exceptionally climate-resilient cereal crop, used extensively to produce improved wheat varieties via introgressive hybridization and possessing the entire repertoire of ...genes necessary to enable hybrid breeding. Rye is allogamous and only recently domesticated, thus giving cultivated ryes access to a diverse and exploitable wild gene pool. To further enhance the agronomic potential of rye, we produced a chromosome-scale annotated assembly of the 7.9-gigabase rye genome and extensively validated its quality by using a suite of molecular genetic resources. We demonstrate applications of this resource with a broad range of investigations. We present findings on cultivated rye's incomplete genetic isolation from wild relatives, mechanisms of genome structural evolution, pathogen resistance, low-temperature tolerance, fertility control systems for hybrid breeding and the yield benefits of rye-wheat introgressions.
Le présent article présente le projet de sciences citoyennes pour les écoles VinKiamo et examine la manière dont il contribue à promouvoir efficacement les compétences non techniques et les ...connaissances linguistiques en dehors de la salle de classe. Vinkiamo est né en 2021 de la collaboration entre le groupe de recherche du projet VinKo de l'université de Vérone et les autorités scolaires de la région de Vénétie, en tant qu'offre s'inscrivant dans le cadre des activités obligatoires du programme du ministère italien de l'éducation favorisant le développement de compétences interdisciplinaires et l'orientation des élèves. Le projet de recherche VinKo - Variétés en contact - portait sur la collecte, la documentation et l'analyse de données linguistiques provenant des dialectes et des langues minoritaires présents dans le nord-est de l'Italie. Il a depuis été relayé par le projet AlpiLinK - Alpine Sprachen im Kontakt – qui poursuit les mêmes objectifs à plus grande échelle sur l'ensemble des Alpes italiennes. La collecte de données se fait en ligne via une plateforme de crowdsourcing, où les résultats de tâches linguistiques effectuées par les informateurs sont conservés sous forme d'enregistrements audio. Les élèves participant à VinKiamo prennent une part active à cette collecte de données en devenant assistants de recherche identifiant des informateurs et aidant à la réalisation des tâches. D'après les retours des 265 élèves participants et de leurs enseignants, ce projet participatif permet de développer des compétences sociales et numériques et de sensibiliser à la citoyenneté active. L'aide apportée aux informateurs est également l'occasion pour les élèves d'élaborer des stratégies de médiation et contribue à la promotion de compétences plurilingues et pluriculturelles.
Instability of the sternoclavicular joint is a very uncommon disorder of the shoulder girdle. Acute traumatic dislocations are commonly treated nonoperatively. But severe displacement or chronic ...instability with recurrent symptomatic subluxation may require surgical intervention. We present our results with open reduction and internal fixation through an autologous gracilis tendon transplant or fiber tape in 8 patients treated surgically. The operative stabilisation of the sternoclavicular joint reduces pain level and improves function of the shoulder. This technique provides an effective surgical procedure for treatment of symptomatic sternoclavicular joint instability.
Restoration of the function and aspect of the sternoclavicular joint.
Chronic and painful instabilities.
Local infection, tumor.
The gracilis tendon graft is harvested as previously described by Petersen. Direct incision over the sternoclavicular joint. Sharp dissection of the periostal sleeve and partial release of sternocleidomastoideus and pextoralis muscle. Resection of osteophytes. Careful placement of a raspatorium under the proximal clavicle and sternum to protect the mediastinal structures. Application of 2.5 or 3.2 mm drill holes to the sternum and the proximal clavicle. The gracilis tendon or the fiber tape is pulled through the drill holes in a figure of eight and then sutured. Recontruction of the joint capsule, closure of the wound.
Gilchrist brace for 3-5 days, functional physiotherapy with a maximum abduction of 90° for 6 weeks. No carrying or lifting of weights greater than 5 kg for 3 months.
During the period from January 2006 to December 2010, 8 patients with sternoclavicular instability were treated. Four patients were treated with fiber tape and four were treated with a gracilis tendon autograft. Postoperative all patients described a reduction of pain and improved shoulder function. The Constant score was 72 points, the DASH 58 points.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die sternoklavikuläre Instabilität ist sehr selten. Akute Luxationen sprechen in der Regel gut auf eine konservative Therapie an. Eher selten bedürfen akute wie chronische ...Instabilitäten aufgrund der einhergehenden Schmerzsymptomatik und gestörten Optik der operativen Stabilisierung. In der vorliegenden Studie stellen wir unsere Ergebnisse und Erfahrung mit der offenen Revision des Gelenks und der Stabilisierung mittels Grazilissehnentransplantat oder Fibertape anhand von 8 operativ versorgten Patienten vor. Die operative Stabilisierung führte in der Regel zu einer deutlichen Schmerzreduktion und einer Verbesserung der Schulterfunktion. Diese chirurgische Operationstechnik ist ein effektives alternatives Verfahren zur Behandlung der symptomatischen sternoklavikulären Instabilität.
Operationsziel
Wiederherstellung der Gelenkstabilität der sternoklavikulären Verbindung.
Indikationen
Chronische, schmerzhafte Instabilität nach traumatischer Luxation oder postinfektiöser Destruktion.
Kontraindikationen
Floride Infektion, Tumor.
Operationstechnik
Die Entnahme der Grazilissehne erfolgt in Anlehnung der von Petersen beschriebenen Technik. Inzision über dem SC-Gelenk. Scharfe Inzision des Periostes und Ablösen der Ansätze des M. sternocleidomastoidius bzw. M. pectoralis. Ggf. Abtragen von Osteophyten. Vorsichtiges Unterfahren der medialen Klavikel und des Sternums mit einem Raspatorium zum Schutz der mediastinalen Strukturen. Durchbohren des Sternums mit einem 2,5- oder 3,2-mm-Bohrer, gleiches Vorgehen an der Klavikula. Durchflechten der Hamstrings bzw. des Fibertapes im Sinne einer „Achtertour“. Rekonstruktion der Kapsel, Einlage einer 12er-Redondrainage und zweischichtiger Wundverschluss.
Weiterbehandlung
Anlage eines Gilchrist-Verbands zur Schmerztherapie für ca. 3–5 Tage, dann frühfunktionelle Krankengymnastik mit maximaler Abduktion von 90° für 6 Wochen, danach Freigabe der Extremität. Kein Tragen und Heben schwerer Lasten von mehr als 5 kg für 3 Monate.
Ergebnisse
Im Zeitraum von Januar 2006 bis Dezember 2010 konnten wir 8 Patienten operativ versorgen, 4 Patienten erhielten eine Versorgung mittels Fiber-Tape und 4 mittels Grazilistransplantat. Postoperativ bestand bei allen Patienten eine deutliche Schmerzreduktion (durchschnittlich VAS 21) und eine Verbesserung der Schulterfunktion. Der Constant-Score betrug im Durchschnitt 72 Punkte, im DASH-Score wurden durchschnittlich 58 Punkte erreicht.
Large-scale genomic studies of wild animal populations are often limited by access to high-quality DNA. Although non-invasive samples, such as feces, can be readily collected, DNA from the sample ...producers is usually present in low quantities, fragmented, and contaminated by microorganism and dietary DNAs. Hybridization capture can help overcome these impediments by increasing the proportion of subject DNA prior to high-throughput sequencing. Here we evaluate a key design variable for hybridization capture, the number of rounds of capture, by testing whether one or two rounds are most appropriate, given varying sample quality (as measured by the ratios of subject to total DNA). We used a set of 1,780 quality-assessed wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) fecal samples and chose 110 samples of varying quality for exome capture and sequencing. We used multiple regression to assess the effects of the ratio of subject to total DNA (sample quality), rounds of capture, and sequencing effort on the number of unique exome reads sequenced. We not only show that one round of capture is preferable when the proportion of subject DNA in a sample is above ~2-3%, but also explore various types of bias introduced by capture, and develop a model that predicts the sequencing effort necessary for a desired data yield from samples of a given quality. Thus our results provide a useful guide and pave a methodological way forward for researchers wishing to plan similar hybridization capture studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The authors investigated the life cycle of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in keratinocytes of oral hairy leukoplakia by combining immunohistochemistry. DNA in situ hybridization, and lectin histochemistry ...with electron microscopy. Diffuse-staining components of the EBV early antigen complex (EA-D), EBV 150-kd capsid antigen (VCA), EBV membrane antigen (gp350/220), and double-stranded DNA were labeled with monoclonal antibodies. An EBV-DNA probe was used to locate EBV DNA. Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) was employed to distinguish Golgi-associated compartments. The authors found EBV proteins and EBV DNA only in keratinocytes with apparent viral assembly. In situ hybridization showed EBV DNA in free corelike material and in electron-dense cores of mature nucleocapsids. Monoclonal antibodies to nonspecific double-stranded DNA attached to the same structures and to marginated chromatin. Components of EA-D were dispersed throughout the nuclei but accumulated near condensed chromatin and in 'punched-out' regions of the chromatin. Epstein-Barr virus 150-kd capsid antigen was found only in the nuclei, where it appeared preferentially on mature nucleocapsids. As yet unexplained arrays of intranuclear particles that remained unlabeled with all EBV-specific probes reacted intensely with an antiserum against common papillomavirus antigen. Gp350/220 was detectable in various cellular membrane compartments and was highly concentrated on EBV envelopes in peripheral Golgi-associated secretory vesicles. It was less abundant on the extracellular EBV, indicating that viral membrane antigen partly dissociates from the mature virus. Combined lectin-binding histochemistry and electron microscopy demonstrated for the first time that EBV is processed in the Golgi apparatus, which eventually releases the virus by fusion with the plasma membrane. These results provide insight into the biologic events that occur during complete EBV replication in vivo.
We examined the ultrastructural localization of collagens Type I, V, VI and of procollagen Type III in decalcified and prefixed specimens of the periodontal ligament and cementum, by immunoelectron ...microscopy using ultra-thin cryostat sections. Immunostaining for collagen Type I was pronounced on the major cross-striated fibrils entering cementum and in cementum proper, whereas staining for procollagen Type III was almost exclusively observed on the major fibrils in the periodontal ligament situated more remote from cementum. Reactivity for collagen Type V was limited to aggregated, unbanded filamentous material of about 12 nm diameter that was found mainly in larger spaces between bundles of cross-striated collagen fibrils and occasionally on single microfibrils that apparently originated from the ends of the major collagen fibrils, which may support the concept of this collagen as a component of core fibrils. Collagen Type VI was present as microfilaments appearing to interconnect single cross-striated fibrils. In the densely packed fibril bundles of the periodontal ligament, no collagen type VI was detected. Neither Type V or Type VI collagen was observed in cementum.
We evaluated biopsy specimens of 42 cases of clinically suspected oral hairy leukoplakia for the pattern and frequency of ultrastructural alterations specific to epithelial cells infected with ...Epstein‐Barr virus. Some structures could clearly be identified as Epstein‐Barr virus at different stage of assembly, but other intranuclear and cytoplasmic alterations were not conclusively identificable as any known structure. Keratinocytes producing Epstein‐Barr virus conhtained intranuclear particles of different size and shape; some of them were arranged in a monodispersed pattern and others formed arrays. In contrast, both lesional keratinocytes not producing virus and keratinocytes in uninvolved mucosa contained intrauclear particles reminiscent of perichromatin granules. The nuclei of productive cells also contained marginated chromatin, tubular structures, and occasionally, crystalline and fibrillar formations as well as enveloped virus. Formationis of electron‐dense bilayers were seen on both sides of the nuclear membrane. In the cytoplasm of productive cells we observed aggregates of parallel tubules and enveloped electron‐dense bodies. Although many of these observations are of diagnositc and pathobiological significance, the morphogenesis, composition, and function of alterations with uncertain morphological identification remain unclear.
The ultrastructural localization of collagens type V and VI in normal human gingival mucosa was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy. Twenty biopsies were fixed in dimethylsuberimidate and ...shock‐frozen in slush nitrogen. Collagen type V was mainly located to meshworks of uniform nonstriated microfibrils of 12 to 20 nm width, which preferentially appeared in larger spaces between cross‐striated major collagen fibrils. Occasionally single microfibrils of collagen type V fanned out from the ends of major collagen fibrils, which may indicate a role as a core fibril. Collagen type V was not found in the subepithelial basement membrane and the immediately adjacent stroma. Collagen type VI was detected in a loose reticular network of unhanded microfilaments that were morphologically distinguishable by knoblike protrusions every 100–110 nm. These microfilaments were found in the vicinity, but not as an intrinsic component, of the subepithelial basement membrane. Single filaments of collagen type VI filaments appeared to form bridges between neighboring cross‐striated major collagen fibrils, suggesting an interconnecting role for this collagen type. The method presented appears to be excellently suited to study the normal and pathological supramolecular organization of the oral extracellular matrix.
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