In cases where a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is exposed to light, thermal energy accumulates inside the device, reducing the maximum power output. Utilizing this energy via the Seebeck effect ...can convert thermal energy into electrical current. Similar systems have been designed and built by other researchers, but associated tests were undertaken in laboratory environments using simulated sunlight and not outdoor conditions with methods that belong to conventional data analysis and simulation methods. In this study four machine learning techniques were analyzed: decision tree regression (DTR), random forest regression (RFR), K-nearest neighbors regression (K-NNR), and artificial neural network (ANN). DTR algorithm has the least errors and the most R2, indicating it as the most accurate method. The DSSC-TEG hybrid system was extrapolated based on the results of the DTR and taking the worst-case scenario (node-6). The main question is how many thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are needed for an inverter to operate a hydraulic pump to circulate water, and how much area is required for that number of TEGs. Considering the average value of the electric voltage of the TEG belonging to node-6, 60,741 pieces of TEGs would be needed, which means about 98 m2 to circulate water.
Nano-enhanced membrane technology and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have demonstrated effectiveness in addressing emerging environmental pollutants. This research centers on purifying water by ...removing heavy metals employing membranes enhanced with mesoporous silica and DES. Various DESs, including hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid, were synthesized using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as a base. The study combined a polysulfone-based membrane with mesoporous silica, aiming for efficient indigenous crafting to remove heavy metals. Mesoporous silica was blended with the synthesized DES solution, creating diverse membranes for heavy metal separation. The study characterized these membranes using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Surface mapping confirmed the integration of silicon-based DES, reducing the membrane surface roughness from 4 to 1.4 nm. By adjusting the carboxylic acid chain length with TBABr and adding mesoporous silica, leaching ratios were reduced from 4.2 to 2.3%. Silica-grafted DES-based membranes exhibited a progressive increase in flux from 2.6 to 26.67 L/m
h. The synthesized silicon-based membranes demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving rejection rates exceeding 80% for chromium and arsenic, maintaining an impressive 90% flux recovery ratio even at high flux rates. This study will envision the potential of nano-enhanced membrane technology utilizing DES for sustainable water purification and wastewater treatment applications to achieve the sustainable development goal (SDG) of clean water and sanitation (SDG-6).
Experimental findings with Xe(M) radiation in the ~1 keV X-ray region have confirmed the presence of a predicted zone of anomalously strengthened radiative coupling operative at sufficiently high ...intensity (I >; 10 15 W/cm 2 ) and frequency (hω >; 5 eV). These new results herald the general existence of a strongly enhanced modality of radiative interaction that is based on ordered-driven electron motions in the attosecond regime.
Renewables are receiving a great deal of attention worldwide. Amongst the photovoltaic solar cells, Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a further-looking, ease of manufacture solar cell. When it is ...exposed to sun light, the accumulated heat has a degradation process. This accumulated heat can be transported because of the temperature gradient and the transported heat can be converted into electricity vie Seebeckeffect. Therefore, the device which converts the accumulated heat to electricity via Seebeck - effect is the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). In this article, the heat distribution across the structure of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell - Thermoelectric Generator hybrid system has been simulated using COMSOL Multyphysics Modeling platform in three-dimension in stationary mode. Furthermore, the following simplifications have been taken into consideration in order to conduct the study: (i) between the DSSC and TEG an aluminum sheet is located; (ii) in the built system, the DSSC and the aluminum sheet are considered as a homogenous layer. As a result, because of this, it is only marked with the aluminum sheet; (iii) the heat is accumulated in the aluminum sheet which dissipates 1 mW. The built model for the simulation is a simplified one to make the simulation easier. On the other hand, this work is preliminary results. Thermoelectric module which consists of heat transfer in solids module and electric current module was added to investigate the heat distribution across the system.
In this study the performance of a built Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell-Thermoelectric Generator system is investigated using conventional statistical analysis. The two main questions are (i) Whether ...there is a significant difference between the performance of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell and the performance of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell-Thermoelectric Generator hybrid system. (ii) Whether there is a significant relationship between the surface temperature and the performance of the hybrid system. If there is any significant relationship, how many temperature-difference it occurs. In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim, in case of the (i) independent samples T-test has been used and in case of (ii) Analysis of variance analysis have been used. According to the results, there is a significant difference between the performance of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell and the performance of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell-Thermoelectric Generator hybrid system. Because of the violation of the normality and the violation of the homogeneity, Welch-probe was applied and according to the results, there is a significant relationship between the performance of the hybrid system and the surface temperature of the solar cell. Bonferroni Post-Hoc test was applied, and the results showed that there is significant different between the maximum power output values of the hybrid system for each temperature.
Amongst to the solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a promising solar cell which belongs to the group of the thin-film solar cell. The DSSC is researched extensively due to the low cost, ...ease of production and the low toxicity. When the device is illuminated, heat can accumulate inside the DSSC which can be transported, and from the transported heat electricity can be produced via Seebeck effect. The device which working principle is based on the Seebeck effect is the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). TEG contains a p- and an n- type of semiconductor leg which are placed between a ceramic plate. Nevertheless, the overall power output of the hybridized DSSC-TEG system is higher than the DSSC. In this paper, a commercially available DSSC and TEG was purchased and investigated. Tests were planned and taken in a laboratory environment and for the simulation process the bases analytical equations were applied. From the electron continuity equation, the electric current-voltage characteristics were got. Moreover, it resulted in the overall power output of the device. The power results from the laboratory tests and the power results from the simulation were compared to each other.
Due to the EU's energy strategy in order to improve the efficiency, researchers look for solutions to recover the waste heat. Heat can accumulate inside the system which might have a reduction effect ...on the electrical parameters. Consequently, transporting the accumulated heat can increase the overall efficiency of the system and can reduce the degradation effect of the accumulated heat. Thermoelectric generator directly converts the heat to electrical current via Seebeck effect. In order to directly convert the thermal energy that passes through the device into electricity, hight temperature difference has to occur. Consequently, the use of thermoelectric generator provides the opportunity to increase the overall efficiency of the system. Currently, Bismuth Telluride material is used for industrial thermoelectric modules. The simulation of the thermoelectric generator is a crucial part in the investigation of the performance. In the current article the optimization of waste heat recovery is studied using thermoelectric generator by modifying the leg geometries. During the comparison hexagon, trapeze, cube and cylinder geometries were taken into consideration. Based on the results, the hexagon geometry was the most optimal.
Sun Simulator for Laboratory Testing Varga, Zoltan; Racz, Ervin
2022 IEEE 5th International Conference and Workshop Óbuda on Electrical and Power Engineering (CANDO-EPE),
2022-Nov.-21
Conference Proceeding
Sun simulator is widely used for solar cell testing after its manufacturing. This artificial light source offers intensity and spectrum close to the natural light. This study describes a development ...of a sun simulator which fits into a class C sun simulator according to American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) E972 standard. The sun simulator was examined based on spectral match, a spectral conformity, uniformity of irradiance (unevenness of light intensity) and spectral difference for the given wavelength range. On the other hand, surface temperature of solar cell was also tested. The sun simulator is able to illuminate 10 cm × 10 cm solar cell in a laboratory environment. On the other hand, it consists of a Geweiss light emitting diode (LED) and four halogen lamps. The designed and built sun simulator is validated using the abovementioned standard which is described in the current paper as well. The research was supported by the Ministry for Innovation and Technology: National Research, Development and Innovation Office.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is an excellent option for the future energy supply because it provides outstanding promise in delivering a low-cost, easy manufacturability. For a deeper ...understanding of the mechanisms of the DSSCs, the modelling and simulation are required. In this paper, the development of a MatLab code is presented which is able to calculate the photogeneration rate in function of the cell thickness. The operation of the code is illustrated through an example, two different DSSCs were used for, proving and providing that the code works. The MatLab code is based on different equations of photo electrochemical in the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell. Based on solving the photogeneration rate, the model uses the numerical finite-element method. In accordance with the studied literature, the presented code has not been used before. The results also highlight that the photogeneration rate in function of the cell thickness of the cell depends on the optical parameters of the sensitized dye.
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