Endophytic microorganisms which are ubiquitously present in plants may colonize intracellularly or intercellularly without causing any diseases. By living within the unique chemical environment of a ...host plant, they produce a vast array of compounds with a wide range of biological activities. Because of this, natural products of endophytic origin have been exploited for antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Also, they can be considered to function as an efficient microbial barrier to protect plants from various pathogens. In the present study, endophytic bacterium BmB 9 with antifungal and antibacterial activity isolated from the stem tissue of Bacopa monnieri was studied for the molecular and chemical basis of its activity. PCR-based genome mining for various biosynthetic gene clusters proved the presence of surfactin, iturin, and type I polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in the isolate. The LC–MS/MS based analysis of the extract further confirmed the production of surfactin derivatives (M + H⁺—1008.6602, 1022.6755), iturin (M + H⁺—1043.5697), and fengycin (M + H⁺—1491.8195, 1477.8055) by the selected bacterial isolate. The 16S rDNA sequence similarity based analysis identified the isolate BmB 9 as Bacillus sp. with 100 % identity to Bacillus sp. LCF1 (KP257289).
In the study, the bacterial isolate NhPB54 purified from the pitcher of
Nepenthes
plant was observed to have activity against
Pythium aphanidermatum
by dual culture and well diffusion. Hence, it was ...subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing and BLAST analysis, where the NhPB54 was found to have 100% identity to
Pantoea dispersa.
Upon screening for the plant beneficial properties,
Pantoea dispersa
NhPB54 was found to be positive for phosphate, potassium and zinc solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, biofilm and biosurfactant production. Further to this,
Solanum lycopersicum
seedlings primed with
P. dispersa
NhPB54 were studied for the improved plant growth and disease protection. Here, the seedlings pre-treated with the NhPB54 culture supernatant were found to have enhanced plant growth and protection from damping off and fruit rot caused by
P. aphanidermatum
. From the LC-QTOF-MS/MS and GC MS analysis,
P. dispersa
NhPB54 was found to produce a blend of chemicals including 1-hydroxyphenazine, surfactin, and other bioactive metabolites with the likely basis of its observed antifungal and plant growth–promoting properties. From the results of the study, plants with unique adaptations can expect to harbor microbial candidates with beneficial applications.
Plant-associated bacteria exhibit diverse chemical means to protect plants from the pathogens. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the volatile-mediated antifungal activity of
Serratia
...sp. NhPB1 isolated from the pitcher plant against the notorious pathogen
Pythium aphanidermatum.
The study has also evaluated the protective effect of NhPB1 on
Solanum lycopersicum
and
Capsicum annuum
leaves and fruits against
P. aphanidermatum
. From the results, NhPB1 was found to have remarkable activity against the tested pathogen. The isolate was also found to impart disease protection in selected plants as evidenced by the morphological changes. Here, the leaves and fruits of
S
.
lycopersicum
and
C. annuum
control which were treated with the uninoculated LB and distilled water were found to have the presence of
P. aphanidermatum
growth with lesions and decaying of tissues. However, the NhPB1-treated plants did not show any symptoms of fungal infection. This could further be confirmed by the microscopical examination of tissues by propidium iodide staining. Here, the normal architecture of leaf and fruit tissues could be observed in the NhPB1-treated group, but the tissue invasion by
P. aphanidermatum
was observed in the control group which further confirms the promises of selected bacteria for biocontrol applications.
Plants are the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems, and their colonization of land was probably facilitated by mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Following this founding ...event, plant diversification has led to the emergence of a tremendous diversity of mutualistic symbioses with microorganisms, ranging from extracellular associations to the most intimate intracellular associations, where fungal or bacterial symbionts are hosted inside plant cells. Here, through analysis of 271 transcriptomes and 116 plant genomes spanning the entire land-plant diversity, we demonstrate that a common symbiosis signalling pathway co-evolved with intracellular endosymbioses, from the ancestral arbuscular mycorrhiza to the more recent ericoid and orchid mycorrhizae in angiosperms and ericoid-like associations of bryophytes. By contrast, species forming exclusively extracellular symbioses, such as ectomycorrhizae, and those forming associations with cyanobacteria, have lost this signalling pathway. This work unifies intracellular symbioses, revealing conservation in their evolution across 450 million yr of plant diversification.
The four-year continuous measurements of CO, NOx, NH3, SO2, and O3 were carried at a high altitude site (32.12°N, 76.56°E at 1347 m AMSL) of the Indian Western Himalayan area to study the mixing ...ratios of these gases for understanding the changing trends of these trace gases over the region. Each of these trace gases showed significant daily and monthly variabilities. The highest variability was recorded in the monthly mean values of O3 as it varied from 10 to 63 ppb during the study period. All the trace gases except CO showed maximum variability in the pre-monsoon seasons due to the strong advection and vertical circulation of air masses at the site. The seasonal mean maxima of CO were recorded during the monsoon season, while the mean maxima of NH3 were recorded during the post-monsoon seasons. The meteorological parameters have been found to influence the mixing ratios of trace gases. The least variability in the mean seasonal mixing ratios of SO2 during the study period indicated the constant point source of SO2 near the site. The trajectories analysis revealed that the area receives maximum air masses from the southeast to the west directions where a number of the coal-based thermal power plants, industries, cement plants, and agricultural fields are also located. The influence of valley-to-mountain circulations was also observed at the site, resulting in the transport of pollutant-rich air masses from local and distant sources to the site. A comparison of the mixing ratios of different trace gases obtained in the present study is also made with the values reported for other high altitude stations in the world.
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•The mixing ratios of trace gases showed significant variations during the study period.•High CO levels were recorded during the monsoon season.•Strong valley to mountain circulation brought pollutant rich air masses.•Influence of anthropogenic activities on trace gas mixing ratios was observed.
The present study was intended to elucidate the genomic basis of antibiotic resistance and hyper-virulence of the fish pathogen Aeromonas veronii XhG1.2 characterized in our previous work. The ...identity of XhG1.2 was confirmed through 16S rDNA sequence analysis and whole genome sequence analysis. The top-hit species distribution analysis of XhG1.2 sequence data revealed major hits against the Aeromonas veronii. The identification of virulence genes using the VFDB showed the genome of XhG1.2 to have the genes coding for the virulence factors viz. aerolysin, RtxA, T2SS, T3SS and T6SS. The presence of antibiotic resistance predicted through the CARD database analysis showed it to have the CephA3, OXA-12, adeF and pulvomycin resistance genes. By the phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis, A. veronii species were found to have genes for toxin production. This also confirmed the pathogenicity and drug resistance of A. veronii XhG1.2 and also its potential to cause disease in diverse ornamental fishes.
•The evolution of antibiotic resistance in aquatic bacteria Aeromonas veronii XhG1.2.•Genomic DNA sequencing and 16S rDNA analysis.•COG analysis showed 304 general function genes &285 amino acid transport and metabolism genes.•Major virulence factors predicted as aerolysin, RtxA, T2SS, T3SS, T6SS, adherence and motility.•Major antibiotic resistance genes found are CphA3, OXA-12, aedF and Pulvomycin.
Cancer is one of the life-taking diseases worldwide and among cancer-related death; colorectal cancer is the third most. Though conventional methods of treatment are available, multidrug resistance ...and side effects are predominant. Physicians and scientists are working side by side to develop an effective medicament, which is safe and cost-effective. However, most failures are obtained when focused on the clinical perspective. This review mainly brings out the correlation between the curcumin and its use for the mitigation of colorectal cancer, the use of curcumin as a chemotherapeutic agent, chemosensitizer, and in a combination and synergistic approach. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of curcumin and its formulation approach helps in giving an idea to develop new approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer using curcumin.
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A nickel sulfide-incorporated sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (NiS/S-g-C
3
N
4
) nanohybrid was utilized as an interface material for the non-enzymatic sensing of glucose in an alkaline medium ...(0.1 M NaOH). The precursors used in the preparation of NiS/S-g-C
3
N
4
hybrid were thiourea and nickel nitrate hexahydrate as the sulfur and nickel sources, respectively. The HRTEM results reveal that NiS nanoparticles incorporated on the S-g-C
3
N
4
nanosheet surface could enhance the electrocatalytic activity and electrical conductivity. The prepared NiS/S-g-C
3
N
4
crystalline nature, surface functionalities, graphitic nature, thermal stability and surface composition were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA and XPS analyses. The NiS/S-g-C
3
N
4
modified electrode was used for the non-enzymatic sensing of glucose at an applied potential of 0.55 V
vs.
Ag/AgCl with a detection limit of 1.5 μM (S/N = 3), sensitivity of 80 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
and the response time of the fabricated sensor was close to 5 s. Different inorganic ions and organic substances did not interfere during glucose sensing. The NiS/S-g-C
3
N
4
nanohybrid material could be extended for a real sample analysis and open the way for diverse opportunities in the electrochemical sensing of glucose.
Nickel sulfide incorporated sulfur doped-graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid modified electrode interface for non-enzymatic sensing of glucose in an alkaline medium.
A bis benzoxazine monomer with allyl groups viz: 2,2′-bis (8-allyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazinyl) propane (Bz-allyl) was synthesized via a solventless method from 2,2′diallyl bisphenol-A, ...paraformaldehyde and aniline. The chemical structure of Bz-allyl was confirmed by FTIR,
1H NMR and
13C NMR analyses. The monomer manifested a two-stage thermal polymerisation pattern. The first stage was attributed to the polymerisation of the allyl groups and the second to the ring – opening polymerisation of benzoxazine moiety. The polymerisation profile was investigated with DSC, FT-IR, TGA and pyrolysis-GC techniques. A polymerisation mechanism involving the electrophilic addition of the propagating iminium cation on the aniline ring in lieu of the activated sites of bisphenol-A, (which are blocked by allyl and alkyl substituents) was proposed. Additional cross-linking was provided by thermal addition polymerization of allyl groups. As a result of altered cross-linking via the aniline moiety and the additional cross-linking via allyl groups, the cured polymer exhibited a
T
g of ca. 300
°C and high crosslink density. The thermal stability of this polymer was also substantially higher vis-à-vis that of the bisphenol-A based polybenzoxazine. The work focuses on the manipulation of benzoxazine monomer structure to alter the ring-opening polymerisation mechanism and cross-linking to derive polybenzoxazine with improved properties.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and is characterized by the heart's beating in an uncoordinated manner. In clinical studies, patients often do not have visible ...symptoms during AF, and hence it is harder to detect this cardiac ailment. Therefore, automated detection of AF using the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can reduce the risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, and other cardiovascular complications. In this paper, a novel time-frequency domain deep learning-based approach is proposed to detect AF and classify terminating and non-terminating AF episodes using ECG signals. This approach involves evaluating the time-frequency representation (TFR) of ECG signals using the chirplet transform. The two-dimensional (2D) deep convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) neural network model is used to detect and classify AF episodes using the time-frequency images of ECG signals. The proposed TFR based 2D deep learning approach is evaluated using the ECG signals from three public databases. Our developed approach has obtained an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.18% (Confidence interval (CI) as 98.86, 99.49), 99.17% (CI as 98.85 99.49), and 99.18% (CI as 98.86 99.49), respectively, with 10-fold cross-validation (CV) technique to detect AF automatically. The proposed approach also classified terminating and non-terminating AF episodes with an average accuracy of 75.86%. The average accuracy value obtained using the proposed approach is higher than the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), discrete-time continuous wavelet transform (DT-CWT), and Stockwell transform (ST) based time-frequency analysis methods with deep convolutional BLSTM models to detect AF. The proposed approach has better AF detection performance than the existing deep learning-based techniques using ECG signals from the MIT-BIH database.
•A novel time-frequency domain deep learning-based approach is proposed to detect AF and classify terminating and non-terminating AF episodes using ECG signals.•The time-frequency representation (TFR) of ECG signals is evaluated using the chirplet transform.•Our developed method obtained an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.18%, 99.17%, and 99.18%, respectively, with 10-fold cross-validation (CV) technique to detect AF automatically.•The approach has obtained a higher average accuracy value as compared to other time-frequency analysis methods with deep convolutional BLSTM models to detect AF.
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