In recent years, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been perpetrated across human medicine, animals destined for zootechnical productions and companion animals. Apart from increasing the ...resistance rate of numerous microorganisms and generating multi-drug resistance (MDR), the nonrational administration of antibiotics causes sudden changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiota such as dysbiotic phenomena that can have a great clinical significance for both humans and animals. The aim of this review is to describe the state-of-the-art of alternative therapies to the use of antibiotics and their effectiveness in humans and monogastric animals (poultry, pigs, fish, rabbits, dogs and cats). In particular, those molecules (probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics) which have a direct function on the gastrointestinal health are herein critically analysed in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases or dysbiosis induced by the consumption of antibiotics.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chronic intestinal disorders (CID) are characterized by persistent, or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs present for at least three weeks. In human medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a ...group of chronic GI diseases and includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). On the other hand, the general term chronic enteropathies (CE) is preferred in veterinary medicine. Different therapeutic approaches to these diseases are used in both humans and pets. This review is focused on the use of traditional therapies and nutraceuticals with specific antioxidant properties, for the treatment of CID in humans and animal patients. There is strong evidence of the antioxidant properties of the nutraceuticals included in this review, but few studies report their use for treating CID in humans and none in animals. Despite this fact, the majority of the nutraceuticals described in the present article could be considered as promising alternatives for the regular treatment of CID in human and veterinary medicine.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs), specialized antigen-presenting cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, play a crucial role in determining specific immune response to tumors. Because of their ...potent immunoregulatory capacities, DCs have been exploited in anticancer vaccination, with limited success thus far. This pilot study compared low-dose interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12 prepared by sequential kinetic activation (SKA) with standard doses of the same recombinant human cytokines on functional activity of ex vivo –generated monocyte-derived (Mo) DCs from colon carcinoma patients and normal subjects. MoDCs were exposed to medium alone, SKA-IL-4 (0.5 fg/ml), or SKA-IL-12 (2 fg/ml), alone or consecutively combined, in parallel with rhIL-4 (50 ng/ml) and rhIL-12 (1 ng/ml). Primary allogeneic one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was the end point to assess in vitro T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to MoDCs, and secreted IL-12p70 and interferon-γ in MLR supernatants measured by ELISA to assay for T-helper 1–promoting MoDC phenotype. No single agent enhanced the compromised allostimulatory activity of MoDCs from colon cancer patients, unlike healthy donors. However, MoDCs from nonmetastatic colon cancer patients, after sequential exposure to SKA-IL-4 (48 hours) and SKA-IL-12 (24 hours), displayed increased T-cell stimulatory capacity by MLR and acquired driving T-helper 1 polarization activity, although less markedly than the effects induced by recombinant human cytokines or found in normal subjects. These results point to an immunomodulatory capacity of low-dose SKA-IL-4 and SKA-IL-12 and encourage further investigation to provide clues for the rational development of new and more effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Oxidative stress causes several pathological conditions in humans and animals, including gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of three natural ...powdered raw materials containing quercetin, bromelain, and
and develop a new feed supplement for dogs using a combination of them. The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) of the extracts, either individually or in combination, were evaluated colorimetrically. The effects of this supplement on healthy adult dogs' nutritional, inflammatory, and stress status were evaluated. American Staffordshire Terrier adult female dogs (
= 30) were randomly assigned to a control (
= 15) or a treated (
= 15) group. The supplement was added as powder to the food of the treated dogs once daily for 28 days. There was no significant difference in the body weight and body condition scores between the initial and final phases of the experiment. At the end of our study, a significant decrease in fecal calprotectin, cortisol, indole/skatole, and N-methylhistamine and a significant increase in short-chain fatty acids were observed as compared to the control group. In conclusion, this natural feed supplement can be used to improve gastrointestinal health and psycho-physical conditions in dogs.
The use of probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidants could be found beneficial for dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of our case-control study is to evaluate the synergistic effect of a ...diet integrated with a supplement containing probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus), prebiotics (fructoligosaccharides) and antioxidants (Olea Europaea extract) on the nutritional status and on serum and urinary parameters of dogs with CKD. A total of 30 dogs classified with IRIS CKD stage 3 were enrolled and randomly assigned to a control (CG, n = 15) and a treated (TG n = 15) group. The trial consisted in a 7-days adaptation period, followed by 90 days where animals in the TR group received the supplement, while in the CG group the placebo. No significant changes in body weight and body condition score were recorded. We recorded a significant improvement of the protein plasmatic level and a decrease in blood phosphorus, systolic pressure, BUN, proteinuria and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio throughout the trial in the TG compared to the CG group. Furthermore, the parameters related to inflammation and oxidative stress (C-reactive protein and Reactive Oxygen Metabolite- derived compound, respectively) were lower in the TG than in the CG group throughout the study. Our results showed that the supplement allows to maintain the correct nutritional status and to improve blood and kidney parameters in dogs with advance stage of CKD. This supplement could be considered as a new nutritional approach for treating this condition.HIGHLIGHTSDiet supplemented with prebiotics, probiotics and antioxidants is safe for dogs with CKD.The synergic effect of prebiotics, probiotics and antioxidants included in the supplement under study shows the maintenance of a good nutritional status and the improvement of blood and urinary parameters in dogs with CKD.
Feline hyperthyroidism is a clinical syndrome related to an excessive production of thyroid hormones, and it is considered as a spontaneous animal model for human thyrotoxicosis. Many shared features ...between the feline and the human disease have been identified so far, including pathogenesis, clinical signs, and treatment options. Although methimazole is considered the first-choice drug in both species, several side effects have been described. Furthermore, methimazole could interfere with the oxidative status, already perturbated by the disease. It has been reported in humans that dietary management, mainly through antioxidant supplementation, could mitigate this oxidative burden. The purpose of the review is to describe current therapeutic options in the course of feline hyperthyroidism and to summarize the state of the art relationship between dietary antioxidants administration and the reduction of methimazole side-effects in humans to support the use of this approach also in cats.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in plant-derived products for their bioactive properties., Results and Conclusion. This study aimed to verify the effect of an herbal-food supplement, ...comprising alcoholic extracts of
Epilobium
,
Urtica dioica
and
Evernia prunastri
(YATROS, Etnopharma, Turin, Italy), alone or in combination with 5-Fluorouracil, on cell growth, DNA synthesis, cell-cycle profile, cytoskeleton reorganization and E-cadherin protein expression, in the murine colon carcinoma cell line C26. Assays used were respectively the Neutral Red uptake assay, median effect analysis, tritiated thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, Phalloidin staining, and immunohistochemistry. A chemical fingerprint and multidimensional HPLC-UV-HRMS analysis was also performed on the herbal-food supplements. Intriguingly, a substantial synergistic inhibitory effects on cell growth, DNA synthetic activity and percentage of cells in S phase were noticed when YATROS was combined with 5-Fluorouracil, reducing both dose and timing of exposure of C26 cells to the drug. Moreover, by inducing cytoskeleton reorganization and E-cadherin expression, YATROS can interfere with tumor cell invasiveness. These indications of an agonistic interaction between YATROS and 5-Fluorouracil in colon carcinoma cells may be of interest for clinical applications, and thus merit further investigation.
To determine, in a series of patients with secondary and tertiary parathyroid hyperplasia, whether the type of parathyroidectomy (subtotal, total with autotransplantation, or total), the histologic ...pattern of the parathyroid tissue, or the proliferative index, as determined by Ki-67 analysis, could predispose patients to recurrent hyperparathyroidism.
Recurrent hyperparathyroidism appears in 10--70% of the patients undergoing surgery for secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The incidence could be related to the type of operation (Rothmund) but also depends on the histologic pattern of the glands removed (Niederle).
The retrospective investigation was performed on 446 patients undergoing parathyroid surgery. They were also studied in relation to the possibility of renal transplantation. In this population, two homogeneous groups were subsequently identified (23 patients with clear signs of recurrence and 27 patients apparently cured); they were studied from the histologic and immunohistochemical point of view using antibody to Ki-67 antigen.
Subtotal parathyroidectomy, total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation, and total parathyroidectomy produced similar results when considering the regression of osteodystrophy, pruritus, and ectopic calcification. As one could anticipate, total parathyroidectomy increased the incidence of hypoparathyroidism. The percentage of recurrence was 5% to 8% after subtotal parathyroidectomy, total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation, and total parathyroidectomy, and only after incomplete parathyroidectomy did this percentage climb to 34.7%. In the recurrence group, the nodular form was more common and the proliferative fraction detected by Ki-67 was 1.9%; it was 0.81% in the control group.
Because more radical procedures were not more effective, the authors favor a less radical procedure such as subtotal parathyroidectomy. Histologic patterns and proliferative fraction could be useful indices of a recurrence, and these patients should be watched closely after surgery.
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune-system lymphocytes capable of killing tumor cells. They secrete cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, which participate in shaping the initial ...inflammatory and downstream adaptive immune responses. Its potent immunoregulatory action means that IFN-γ might be beneficial in cases of tumor rejection, but its severe side-effects limit clinical applications. This pilot study compared low-dose IFN-γ prepared by sequential-kinetic-activation (SKA), with standard-dose recombinant (r) IFN-γ, in terms of ex-vivo cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood (PB)-NK cells from colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. This was tested against the NK-sensitive K562 cell line and the less-sensitive human CRC Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines. Twenty primitive non-metastatic CRC patients, five metastatic CRC patients, and thirteen healthy donors were enrolled. PB lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to medium alone, SKA-IFN-γ (0.25fg/ml) or rIFN-γ (1ng/ml). NK-cell cytolytic activity was examined via short-term 51Cr-release. Pretreatment of PBL from non-metastatic patients with SKA-IFN-γ caused a significant increase in NK-cell cytotoxicity, compared to those from normal donors, although less markedly than pretreatment with rIFN-γ against all three cell lines. In contrast, PBL from metastatic CRC patients displayed significantly decreased NK-cell activity and responsiveness to both rIFN-γ and SKA-IFN-γ treatments. These results demonstrate in principle the immunomodulatory capacity of low-dose SKA-IFN-γ, and might open the door to the possibility of generating a novel, safe, and feasible approach to enhancing NK-cell antitumor activity in early-stage CRC patients.
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