Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been dramatically expanding in popularity as a new generation of environmentally friendly solvents with possible applications in various industrial fields, but ...their ecological footprint has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, three choline chloride-based DESs with glucose, glycerol and oxalic acid as hydrogen bond donors were evaluated for in vitro toxicity using fish and human cell line, phytotoxicity using wheat and biodegradability using wastewater microorganisms through closed bottle test. Obtained in vitro toxicity data on cell lines indicate that choline chloride: glucose and choline chloride:glycerol possess low cytotoxicity (EC50>10mM for both cell lines) while choline chloride:oxalic acid possess moderate cytotoxicity (EC50 value 1.64mM and 4.19mM for fish and human cell line, respectively). Results on phytotoxicity imply that tested DESs are non-toxic with seed germination EC50 values higher than 5000mgl−1. All tested DESs were classified as′readily biodegradable′ based on their high levels of mineralization (68–96%). These findings indicate that DESs have a green profile and a good prospect for a wider use in the field of green technologies.
•Cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity and biodegradability of DESs were studied.•Tested DESs possess low to moderate cytotoxicity.•Tested DESs possess low phytotoxicity.•Tested DESs were classified as ‘readily biodegradable′.•The DESs have a potential green profile and a good prospect for a wider use.
Over past decades ionic liquids, a promising alternative to traditional organic solvents, have been dramatically expanding in popularity as a new generation of chemicals with potential uses in ...various areas in industry. In the literature these compounds have often been referred to as environmentally friendly; however, in recent years the perception of their greenness dramatically changed as the scientific community began to proactively assess the risk of their application based on the entire life-cycle. This review gives a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding the potential risks linked to the application of ionic liquids – from preparation to their disposal, with special emphasis on their potential environmental impacts and future directions in designing inherently safer ionic liquids.
•Review on the potential risks linked to the application of ionic liquids.•Methods of preparation and (bio)degradation of ionic liquids.•Environmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids.•Future directions in designing inherently safer ionic liquids.
•Eco-friendly extraction method for grape pomace anthocyanins were developed.•Simultaneous ultrasound/microwave-assisted extraction were used.•Extraction with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) ...on larger scale was performed.•Anthocyanins were efficiently recovered from NADES, which were successfully recycled.•NADES extraction and recyclaction method is scalable.
Bioactive compounds should be extracted using alternative solvents and enabling technologies, in accordance with green extraction principles. The aim of this study is to develop an eco-friendly extraction method for grape-pomace anthocyanins on a larger scale. From a preliminary screening of 8 different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), a combination of choline chloride:citric acid was selected because of its price, physicochemical properties, and anthocyanin recovery and stability. The effects of multimode-microwave (MW), and low-frequency-ultrasound (US) irradiation (used alone or simultaneously), as well as that of process parameters on extraction efficiency have been investigated in order to maximise anthocyanin extraction yield. The best conditions were found to be: simultaneous ultrasound/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) (MW power at 300 W, US power 50 W), for 10 min with 30% (v/v) of water. This gave 1.77 mg gdw−1 of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins were efficiently recovered from NADES, which were recycled. The optimised procedure was scaled up to a half-litre batch.
Designing a biocatalytic process involving deep eutectic solvents Panić, Manuela; Cvjetko Bubalo, Marina; Radojčić Redovniković, Ivana
Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986),
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 20210101, Letnik:
96, Številka:
1
Journal Article
•Grape skin phenolics were successfully extracted with DES.•DES proved to be more effective extraction solvent compared to methanol.•Microwave or ultrasound extraction methods with DES were ...applied.•Green and efficient extraction of grape skin phenolics was proposed.
Conventional extraction techniques for plant phenolics are usually associated with high organic solvent consumption and long extraction times. In order to establish an environmentally friendly extraction method for grape skin phenolics, deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a green alternative to conventional solvents coupled with highly efficient microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods (MAE and UAE, respectively) have been considered. Initially, screening of five different DES for proposed extraction was performed and choline chloride-based DES containing oxalic acid as a hydrogen bond donor with 25% of water was selected as the most promising one, resulting in more effective extraction of grape skin phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents. Additionally, in our study, UAE proved to be the best extraction method with extraction efficiency superior to both MAE and conventional extraction method. The knowledge acquired in this study will contribute to further DES implementation in extraction of biologically active compounds from various plant sources.
Green solvents for green technologies Cvjetko Bubalo, Marina; Vidović, Senka; Radojčić Redovniković, Ivana ...
Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986),
September 2015, Letnik:
90, Številka:
9
Journal Article
•Green solvents SFE, SWE and NADES are promising for green extraction.•Increasing use of SFE at industrial level for a lot of applications in different industries.•SWE is suitable for extraction of ...both, polar and non-polar compounds.•NADES have unique properties and possibility of designing it for particular purpose.•Green solvents are solvent for future industry.
In many industrial processes, large quantities of volatile and flammable organic solvents are used in various reaction systems and separation steps define a major part of the environmental and economic performance of a process. Accordingly, a growing area of research in the development of green technologies is devoted to designing new, environmentally-friendly, and tunable solvents the use of which would meet both technological and economical demands. A brief overview of the up to date knowledge regarding most proposed green solvents, including supercritical and subcritical fluids (e.g. CO2 and water) and natural deep eutectic solvents is presented herein, with a special emphasis on green extraction of plant biologically active compounds.
We studied the effects of five imidiazolium based ionic liquids with different anions and length of alkyl chains linked to imidazolium ring on the early development of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The ...inhibitory effect depends on the ionic liquids concentration and chemical structure, whereby the most toxic one was C10mimBr, followed by C7mimBr, C4mimBr, C4mimCH3CO2 and C4mimBF4. Both anion and cation structures affected the toxicity of ionic liquid indicating that selection of more biocompatible anions such as CH3CO2 does not necessarily indicate lower toxicity. Alternation in the extent of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities were found in barley plants due to ionic liquid treatments. When seedlings were exposed to higher concentrations of ionic liquids, antioxidant system could not effectively remove reactive oxidative species, leading to lipid peroxidation and damage of the photosynthetic system. However, overall data indicated that the performance of barley seedling was improved when all measured enzymes involved in scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased with special emphasis on GPX activities. Since there are no studies about ionic liquid (IL) toxicity in plants, that simultaneously evaluates the antioxidative enzyme system in response to different ILs, this work is valuable for gaining knowledge about the protection mechanism of plants from oxidative stress caused by IL exposure.
•Both anion and cation structure affected the toxicity of IL.•ILs with more biocompatible anion did not lead to lower toxicity.•Alternation in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities were found.•Enhancement in antioxidative defense system leads to better barley performance.
•Cruciferous vegetables are recognized as a functional food.•Endogenous enzymes may influence phytochemical stability, bioavailability and food quality.•Cruciferous sprouts contain phytochemicals ...with health-promoting activity.•Cruciferous sprouts have different endogenous enzyme activity.•Sprouts are cheap, easy and fast-growing source of phytochemicals.
Five Brassicaceae sprouts (white cabbage, kale, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, arugula) were comparatively analyzed based on phytochemicals (polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls, ascorbic acid) content and accompanying enzymes associated with phytochemical stability and bioavailability (peroxidases, myrosinase, and polyphenol-oxidase) that consequently impact food quality. Significantly high content of polyphenols and glucosinolates, as well as a high antioxidant activity were found in white cabbage, followed by kale sprouts. In addition, white cabbage contained higher amount of fibers and lower polyphenol-oxidase activity which potentially indicates prevention of browning and consequently better sprout quality. Arugula and broccoli showed higher activity of myrosinase that may result in higher bioavailability of active glucosinolates forms. According to our data, sprouts are cheap, easy- and fast-growing source of phytochemicals but also they are characterized by different endogenous enzymes activity. Consequently, this parameter should also be taken into consideration in the studies related to the health benefits of the plant-based food.
In biomedical and biotechnological domains, liquid protein formulations are vital tools, offering versatility across various fields. However, maintaining protein stability in a liquid form presents ...challenges due to environmental factors, driving research to refine formulations for broader applications. In our recent study, we investigated the relationship between deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and the natural presence of osmolytes in specific combinations, showcasing the effectiveness of a bioinspired osmolyte-based DES in stabilizing a model protein. Recognizing the need for a more nuanced understanding of osmolyte-based DES stabilization capabilities under different storage conditions, here we broadened the scope of our osmolyte-based DES experimental screening, and delved deeper into structural changes in the enzyme under these conditions. We subjected lysozyme solutions in DESs based on various kosmotropic osmolytes (TMAO, betaine, sarcosine, DMSP, ectoine, GPC, proline, sorbitol and taurine) paired either with another kosmotropic (glycerol) or with chaotropic osmolyte urea to rigorous conditions: heat shock (at 80 °C) and repetitive freeze–thaw cycles (at −20 and −80 °C). Changes in enzyme activity, colloidal stability, and conformational alterations were then monitored using bioassays, aggregation tests, and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR and CD). Our results demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of osmolyte-based DES in stabilizing lysozyme under stress conditions, with sarcosine- and betaine-based DESs containing glycerol as a hydrogen bond donor showing the highest efficacy, even at high enzyme loadings up to 200 mg ml −1 . Investigation of the individual and combined effects of the DES components on enzyme stability confirmed the synergistic behavior of the kosmotrope–urea mixtures and the cumulative effects in kosmotrope–glycerol mixtures. Additionally, we have shown that the interplay between the enzyme's active and stable (but inactive) states is highly influenced by the water content in DESs. Finally, toxicity assessments of osmolyte-based DESs using cell lines (Caco-2, HaCaT, and HeLa) revealed no risks to human health.
PDF
